Study today ( UPSC prelims mains )

2023-06-06 15:38:30 #free_residential_coaching
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Website: www.atiyafoundation.com ओपन / कमेंट

2023-06-06 10:12:54 Bitumen:

It is a dense, highly viscous, petroleum-based hydrocarbon.

It is found in deposits such as oil sands and pitch lakes(natural bitumen) or is obtained as a residue of the distillation of crude oil. 

At the temperatures normally encountered in natural deposits, bitumen will not flow. In order to be moved through a pipe, it must be heated and, in some cases, diluted with a lighter oil.

Bitumen can deform permanently under heavy loads. Continued stress on the material can result in cracking.

Composition:

It owes its density and viscosity to its chemical composition—mainly large hydrocarbon molecules known as asphaltenes and resins, which are present in lighter oils but are highly concentrated in bitumen. 

In addition, bitumen frequently has a high content of metals, such as nickel and vanadium, and nonmetallic inorganic elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. 

Uses:
Bitumen is known for its waterproofing and adhesive properties and is commonly used in the construction industry, notably for roads and highways.

It is commonly used to waterproof boats and other marine vessels.

It is also used by companies that create and manufacture roofing products.

It is used for sealing and insulating purposes in various building materials such as carpet tile backing and paint.

#gs3
#prelims
#geography

@studytoday1 ओपन / कमेंट

2023-06-06 09:04:29 AIR 62 - Vaishnavi Paul
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2023-06-05 16:10:10 India rethinking its anaemia policy

Why in news?

Questions related to anaemia are slated to be dropped from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-6) scheduled to begin on July 6.

The omission comes after health experts questioned the efficacy of the method being used to estimate haemoglobin levels.

The first National Family Health Survey (NFHS-1) was conducted in 1992-93. Subsequent NFHS’ were conducted as below –
NFHS-2 was conducted in 1998-99
NFHS-3 was conducted in 2005-06
NFHS-4 was conducted in 2015-16
NFHS-5 was conducted in 2019-21

The main objective of the NFHS has been to provide reliable and comparable data relating to health and family welfare and other emerging areas in India.

All the rounds of NFHS have been conducted by the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the national nodal agency.

Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare

India’s anaemia burden

India’s anaemia burden has grown alarmingly with NFHS-5 (2019-21) finding that:
57% of women in the age group 15-49 and
67% children between six months and 59 months are anaemic (from the corresponding 53% and 58.6% respectively in NFHS-4 (2015-16)).

The Health Ministry has noted that anaemia is a public health challenge.

The WHO defines:

anaemia in children aged under five years and pregnant women as a haemoglobin concentration <110 g/L at sea level, and

anaemia in non-pregnant women as a haemoglobin concentration <120 g/L.

#gs2
#health

@studytoday1 ओपन / कमेंट

2023-06-05 16:10:10 Researchers have developed a smart bandage which can help treat chronic wounds.

Smart Bandage

 It is a soft stretchable polymer that helps the bandage maintain contact with and stick to the skin.
The bioelectronics system consists of biosensors that monitor biomarkers in the wound exudate.
Data collected by the bandage is passed to a flexible printed circuit board, which relays it wirelessly to a smartphone or tablet for review by a physician.
A pair of electrodes control drug release from a hydrogel layer as well as stimulate the wound to encourage tissue regrowth.

How does it work?

Biosensors determine the wound status by tracking the chemical composition of the exudates, which changes as the wound heals.
Additional sensors monitor the pH and temperature for real-time information about the infection and inflammation.
A pair of electrodes, the same electrodes that stimulate the tissue, control the release of drugs from a hydrogel layer.
The wireless nature of the device sidesteps the problems of existing electrical stimulation devices, which usually require bulky equipment and wired connections, limiting their clinical use

#gs3
#science_technology

@studytoday1 ओपन / कमेंट

2023-06-05 15:00:02 Get correct feedbacks from the very First Answer!

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2023-06-05 13:55:56 ओपन / कमेंट

2023-06-05 11:45:08 Urban Flooding

Why In News : Many urban areas in India face flooding and water stagnation related issues during the monsoon season.

Case Study: Bengaluru Urban Flooding

Location & Formation of Lakes:

Bengaluru is located at the top of a ridge which is the water divide between the watersheds of the Kaveri and the Ponnaiyar (Dakshina Pinakini) rivers.
Original settlements were concentrated on the ridges while the valleys were used for agriculture.
To irrigate lands, bunds were erected to retain the water — creating lakes. Each lake had its own command area which it irrigated.

Obstruction in Valleys:

The city has numerous valleys which act as conduits carrying water to these two major rivers.
The bulk of the flooding and stagnation in Bengaluru happened because of the obstructions in the valleys. There were very few instances of flooding outside the valley.

Blockage of Canals:

The older streams that once flowed were redesigned to create artificial canals (kaluve) which were used for irrigation of the command area of each lake and for carrying excess water downstream.
Extreme amounts of engineering, sewage flow and clogging further hampered flow in the canals.
These existing canals, which were not created for inundation requirements, proved inadequate to the task of carrying excess rainwater.

Constructions Affected Topography:

Ignoring the topography of the land, construction began in the valleys and ridges, which in turn altered the original topography, with minor drains disappearing.
The new structures not only impacted water infiltration into the soil but also began obstructing the movement of water in the valleys.

Huge Population:

The city’s population, which stood at 1.6 lakh in 1901, is estimated to be more than one crore today.
This rapid and extreme growth has triggered a massive demand for land and the city began sprawling out.

Part 1/2
#disaster_management
#geography

source TOI

Join @Mapping_prelims_mains ओपन / कमेंट

2023-06-05 10:26:23 Join Our Open Workshop by Chaitanya Awasthi, CSE AIR-37 & Manoj K Jha! Resolve Your Dilemmas after Prelims 2023!

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2023-05-18 16:30:46 Kiru Hydro-Electric Power Project

The Central Bureau of Investigation recently searched 12 locations in Delhi and Rajasthan in connection with a case alleging corruption in the award of ₹2,200 crore civil works related to the Kiru hydro-electric power project.

About Kiru Hydro-Electric Power Project:

Location:
It is being developed over the Chenab River near the villages of Patharnakki and Kiru in Kishtwar district, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).

It is located between Kirthai II hydroelectric project to its upstream and Kwar hydroelectric project to its downstream.

It is a 624MW run-of-river project.

The project is being developed by Chenab Valley Power Projects (CVPP), a joint venture between National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC, 49%), Jammu & Kashmir State Power Development Corporation (JKSPDC, 49%) and Power Trading Corporation (PTC, 2%).

Beneficiary States: J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Union territories of Chandigarh & Delhi. 

Power plant make-up:
The project involves the construction of a 135m-high concrete gravity dam near Kiru.
The project will have a catchment area of 10,225km², while the reservoir will be 6.5km-long and 1.03km² in area.
It will have one 700m-long horse-shoe shaped diversion tunnel with two openings to divert the flow of the river to enable the dam construction.

#prelims

@studytoday1 ओपन / कमेंट