Upsc geography

2022-11-02 17:48:42 ■ HEAT BUDGET OF THE EARTH AND THE ATMOSPHERE

#Insolation

◇ The total solar radiation reaching a horizontal surface on the ground is called global radiation. It comprises the direct shortwave radiation from the sun, plus the diffuse radiation scattered by the atmosphere.

◇ On an average, there is supposed to exist heat balance between the amount of solar radiation received by the earth's surface and its atmosphere and the amount of heat lost by the outgoing terrestrial longwave radiation from the earth's surface and loss of heat from the atmosphere.

◇ The radiation from the sun towards the earth and from the earth towards the atmosphere and the space is called incoming shortwave solar radiation (radiation from the sun) and outgoing longwave terrestrial radiation (from the earth) respectively.

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2022-11-02 14:39:25 ओपन / कमेंट

2022-11-02 12:03:45 ■ CORAL BLEACHING

#coralrelief

◇ Coral bleaching refers to loss of algae from the corals resulting into the white colour which is indicative of death of corals.

◇ Global warming has been reported as the major factor of coral bleaching.

◇ Clive Wilkinson identified four overlapping levels of coral bleaching.

• Catastrophic bleaching adversely affecting 95 per cent of shallow water corals.

• severe bleaching accounting for 50-70 per cent death of corals.

• moderate bleaching resulting into 20-50 per cent coral mortality but with quick recovery.

• insignificant bleaching or no bleaching. ओपन / कमेंट

2022-11-02 12:03:45 ■ ATOLL

#coralreefs

◇ A ring of narrow growing corals of horseshoe shape and crowned with palm trees is called atoll. It is generally found around an island or in elliptical form on a submarine platform.

◇ Atolls are divided into 3 types. E.g. (i) true atoll characterized by circular reef enclosing a shallow lagoon but without island, (ii) island atoll having an island in the central part of the lagoon enclosed by circular reef, and (iii) coral island or atoll island does not have island in the beginning but later on island is formed due to erosion and deposition by marine waves.

◇ Shallow lagoon reefs are minor reef features which are annular in shape and are found in epi-continental seas like Indonesian Sea, South China Sea etc. The lagoon is a small pool. Faros are chains of small atolls having shallow small lagoons. Coral banks are isolated shapeless reefs. Coral pinnacles are small ridges which rise within the lagoons.

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2022-11-02 10:13:58 ◇ The portion of incident radiation energy reflected back from a surface is called albedo. Various attempts have been made to measure total albedo of the earth (including its atmosphere). Various data derived so far indicate the earth's average albedo fluctuating between 29 per cent and 34 per cent (including the energy reflected through the mechanism of diffuse reflection by dust particles, water molecules etc., (from the cloud surface and from the earth's surface).

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2022-11-02 10:13:58 ■ EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERE

#Insolation

□ Reflection

◇ The scattering of incoming solar radiation waves by dust particles and molecules of water vapour (clouds) when the diameter of these particles is longer than the wavelengths of incoming solar radiation is called diffuse reflection which sends some portion of incoming solar energy back to space.

◇ The diffused and scattered solar energy present in the lower atmosphere enables us to see even the dark portion of the moon. One can also see (if not suffering from cataract) even in the pitch darkness of night.

◇ Some of the scattered and diffused solar energy reaches the ground surface. Such energy is called as diffuse blue light of the sky or diffuse day light. Some portion of incoming solar radiation is reflected back to space by high clouds (27 per cent) and by the ice-covered ground surface (2 per cent). ओपन / कमेंट