Upsc geography

2022-10-31 17:42:43 ■ EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERE

#Insolation

□ Scattering

◇ Some portion of the incoming electromagnetic solar radiation (23%) is scattered in the atmosphere by dust particles and haze. Six per cent of this scattered energy is sent back to space while 17 per cent reaches the earth's surface. The process of scattering is selective in nature. Scattering becomes possible when the diameter of invisible dust particles suspended in the air and the molecules of the atmospheric gases is shorter than the wave lengths of the solar radiation waves.

◇ Blue light of the incoming shorter wavelengths is more scattered than red light.

◇ This is the reason that the sky looks blue, Sifferlin, the picturesque reddish hue of the sky during sunrise (dawn) and sunset (twilight) is the result of scattering of all the colour spectra except the red and orange because at the time of sunrise and sunset the oblique rays have to pass through the longest path of the atmosphere.

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2022-10-31 16:36:47 ओपन / कमेंट

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2022-10-31 14:36:33 ओपन / कमेंट

2022-10-31 11:09:58 ■ EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERE

□ Absorption

◇ If the total amount of energy radiated from the sun towards the earth and its atmosphere is taken to be 100 per cent, about 14 per cent of this amount is absorbed by the atmospheric gases (e.g. by ozone in the stratosphere to larger extent and oxygen and carbon dioxide to very limited extent), water hare in nature.

◇ shortest wavelengths ranging between 0.02 micron and 0.29 micron are absorbed by oxygen (O₂) and ozone gases.)

◇ Water vapour absorbs the incoming solar radiation waves of the wavelengths ranging between 0.9 micron and 2.1 microns.

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2022-10-13 09:52:04 □ Reasons:-

◇ Global warming as the most significant factor of coral bleaching causing large-scale coral death.

◇ El Nino phenomenon has also been related to coral bleaching.

◇ The outbreaks of coral diseases (black band disease, coral plague, aspergillosis and white band disease) cause coral death.

◇ Local factors like increase in siltation of sea waters due to mass flux of sediments and nutrients brought by the steams from the erosion of high islands consequent upon land use changes; pollution of sea waters caused by industrial effluents, urban sewage and oil slicks; destructive fishing practices, overfishing; clearing of marine forests around coral reefs; filling of wetlands (marine forests and wetlands trap sediments and filter pollutants and thus save corals from degradation); mining of coral rocks for building materials; collection of rare coral species etc. are also responsible for coral degradation at local and regional levels.

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2022-10-13 09:52:04 ■ CORAL BLEACHING

#coralrelief

◇ Coral bleaching refers to loss of algae from the corals resulting into the white colour which is indicative of death of corals.

◇ Global warming has been reported as the major factor of coral bleaching.

◇ Clive Wilkinson identified four overlapping levels of coral bleaching.

• Catastrophic bleaching adversely affecting 95 per cent of shallow water corals.

• severe bleaching accounting for 50-70 per cent death of corals.

• moderate bleaching resulting into 20-50 per cent coral mortality but with quick recovery.

• insignificant bleaching or no bleaching. ओपन / कमेंट

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2022-10-12 17:33:06 □ Reasons:-

◇ Global warming as the most significant factor of coral bleaching causing large-scale coral death.

◇ El Nino phenomenon has also been related to coral bleaching.

◇ The outbreaks of coral diseases (black band disease, coral plague, aspergillosis and white band disease) cause coral death.

◇ Local factors like increase in siltation of sea waters due to mass flux of sediments and nutrients brought by the steams from the erosion of high islands consequent upon land use changes; pollution of sea waters caused by industrial effluents, urban sewage and oil slicks; destructive fishing practices, overfishing; clearing of marine forests around coral reefs; filling of wetlands (marine forests and wetlands trap sediments and filter pollutants and thus save corals from degradation); mining of coral rocks for building materials; collection of rare coral species etc. are also responsible for coral degradation at local and regional levels.

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