CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)

2021-11-01 08:30:01 CASTE

Caste can be defined as a hereditary, endogamous group, having a common name, common traditional occupation, common culture, relatively rigid in matters of mobility, the distinctiveness of status, and forming a single homogenous community.
The word refers to a broad institutional arrangement that in Indian languages is referred to by two distinct terms:
Varna: Literally ‘colour’, is the name given to a four-fold division of society into brahmana, Kshatriya,
Vaishya and shudra.
Jati: It is a generic term referring to species or kinds of anything, ranging from inanimate objects to plants,
animals and human beings.

HISTORY OF THE CASTE SYSTEM:

Ancient age: The caste system is associated with the Hindu religion, as per Rig Veda, there were four categories known as ‘varnas.’ Varnas consist of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
It is only in the post-Vedic period that caste becomes the rigid institution that is familiar to us from wellknown definitions.

Colonial times:

The dominant view in the nationalist movement was to treat caste as a social evil, but on the other hand, leaders like Mahatma Gandhi were able to work for the upliftment of the lowest caste – Harijan.
The post-independence state inherited and reflected these contradictions. While the state was committed to the abolition of caste, it was both unable to push through radical reforms, which would have undermined the economic basis for caste inequality.

Post-colonial times

1901 census that sought to collect information on social hierarchy. Land revenue settlements gave legal recognition to the caste-based rights of the upper class that became landowners in the modern sense.
Government of India Act 1935 gave legal recognition to the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes and scheduled caste by marking out special treatment by the state.

FEATURES OF CASTE SYSTEM:

Segmental Division of Society: The Indian society is stratified into various small social groups called castes.
Caste is never a matter of choice, caste is acquired by birth. One can never change one’s caste, leave it, or
choose not to join it, although there are instances where a person may be expelled from their caste.
Hierarchy: It is a ladder of command in which the lower rungs are encompassed in the higher ones in regular succession. The castes teach us a fundamental social principle of hierarchy.
Endogamy: The most fundamental characteristic of the caste system is endogamy i.e. the members of a caste
or sub-caste should marry within their own caste or sub-caste.
Civil and religious disabilities: These consist of restrictions based on contact, dress, speech, rituals etc. and
are placed on every caste group. It was done in order to maintain purity of specific caste groups.
Hereditary Occupation: Castes were traditionally linked to occupations. A person born into a caste could only practice the occupation associated with that caste, so that occupations were hereditary.
Untouchability: It is the practice of ostracizing a group by segregating them from the mainstream by social custom, wherein the untouchables were deemed impure and polluted.
Manual scavenging: Manual scavenging is linked to India’s caste system and it refers to the practice of manually cleaning, carrying, disposing or handling in any manner, human excreta from dry latrines and sewers by the so-called lower castes. It has been officially abolished by the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act 2013.
Conflict resolve mechanisms: The status of each caste is carefully protected, not only by caste laws but also by the conventions. These are openly enforced by the community.

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2021-11-01 07:29:26 Hello Everyone,

We all know the importance of current affairs in UPSC exams. It is an integral part of UPSC preparations at all 3 levels. Students often miss important news from the newspaper and spend too much time on newspaper reading. Which if done in a systematic and correct manner can help you hit the right approach.
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2021-10-31 18:00:03 Dr. Shubham Maurya AIR - 241 , CSE 2020
IR NOTES

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2021-10-31 16:58:48 Hey everyone.
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2021-10-31 12:45:18 IMPORTANT NOTICE

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◆ Total Number of Seat:- 73

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2021-10-31 12:30:07 According to a National Sample Survey (NSS) study of unit-level data on urban slums:

Basic amenities- Around 41% households in informal settlements depended on sources of ‘exclusive use’ for basic amenities, followed by ‘unrestricted public sources’ (25.63%) and ‘common use’ (18.04%).

Water- Rather than being a public good, it is a rival economic good since its access depends on the willingness to pay money and a certain amount of walking to obtain it.

Toilets- As many as 52.6% households had ‘exclusive use’ toilets. Others used ‘common use’, ‘public toilets without payment’,’public toilets with payment’. 10.3% had no access to any kind of toilets. The SC / ST community had the highest proportion of those who did not have access to a toilet, followed by Muslims and then OBCs.

Disposal of excreta-The urban local bodies are entrusted with the work of emptying tanks and pits of excreta. But the frequency of the cleaning indicates that they do not complete the task on time. More than half of the households (53%) depend on private agencies to get the excreta emptied and 25% depend on hired labour.

Waste mismanagement- Around 47% households in these settlements do not have access to daily garbage collection in their area. Out of that, garbage collection happens just once a week for 23.45% households.

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2021-10-31 12:30:07 Role of e-governance in Local self-governments

Transparency: Government of India formulated E-Panchayat Mission Mode Project for eenablement of all the Panchayats, to make their functioning more efficient and transparent.

Automation of internal workflow processes of Panchayats: PRIASoft – an online cash-based double entry accounting software that implements the Model Accounting System for PRIs, has been a major success with 1.2 lakh Panchayats on board and about 65,000 Panchayats are making online voucher entries during 2011-2012.

Budgeting: Cities such as Bangalore and Pune have experimented with citizen budgeting receiving many online budgets. This shows the most important issues that need resources from local bodies.

Improving delivery of services to citizens: Citizens can be part of governance and

Capacity building of Panchayat/Municipality Representatives and Officials: Online materials and training to Panchayat representatives can go a long way in achieving

Social Audit: Social Audit can become much easier, if the information on all the development details are made publicly available.

Accountability, Efficiency and RTI compliance of Panchayats: e-governance in local selfgovernment will lead to better utilisation of funds and decrease the discretionary powers of officials. Thereby reducing scope for any misappropriation.

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2021-10-31 11:30:07 JV's has launched its Anthropology Foundation (Optional Course) For UPSC CSE 2021-22,

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Anthropology is the study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture. In a word, it is the science of Human Kind. Since Human beings are involved in almost all streams, so the scope of Anthropology is expanding day by day.

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2021-10-30 18:31:01 Shubham Kumar Rank - 1, 2020
Essay strategy and interlinking words

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