CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains)

2021-05-02 08:49:04 MAGADHA:

Magadha, which emerged by 6th century AD, was the first Statc in Indian Hirstory that satisfied all aspects of Saptanga (theory on State Formation) laid down by Kautilya.
Its first Capital City was Girivraja meaning strong fort.
The other capital cities were Rajagriha and Pataliputra.
It was ruled by four dynasties

Haranyaka:

It was founded by Bimbisara a.k.a Srenika.
Jivaka – the first physician in Indian history and a student of Taxila University flourished in the court of Bimbisara.
Ajatasatru killed his father Bimbisara & came to power calling himself Khunika meaning the greatest of the dynasty. He expanded the state with his imperialistic policies and measures.
Assakara was his most powerful Chief Commander and was considered invincible.

Sisunaga:

The dynasty was named after its founder Sisunaga.
Kalasoka was the greatest ruler of the dynasty.

Nanda:

It was founded by Mahapadmananda. He conquered Saurashtra and extended his empire till there. Alexander’s invasion took place during his time.
Dhanananda was the last of the dynasty who succeeded to the throne with the support of Chandragupta.

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2021-05-02 08:49:03 FORMATION OF STATE:

Defined by Kautilya in his Saptanga theory, a State was characterized by seven principles. No state formation satisfied all these seven aspects till the end of 6th Century A.D. Magadha was the first State to fulfill the criteria laid down by Kautilya in Arthshastra.
Towards the end of 6th Century A.D, Magadha emerged as a full fledged State, most powerful of the 16 Mahajanapadas. All the other 15 republics could not emerge as stable States while Magadha emerged as a monarchy and had a stable political system.
Magadha also had the geographical advantage over other republics of its times. It was less prone to foreign attacks due to its interior location in the fertile Indo-Gangetic Plain. It also
had rich mines which helped it to evolve as the 1s industrial State in India. It witnessed the rise of literacy which was not Brahmanical, and thus was not religiously bound. Shudras came to be empowered as it was ruled by a Shudra dynasty. There wasn’t any influence of Brahmanism in the society. It had a flourishing economy based on trade and commerce.

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2021-05-01 15:59:50 If anyone needs food in these places then do let us know ..!! ओपन / कमेंट

2021-04-30 19:30:02 The various Shiva sects are as follows:

1. Pashupata Sect – It was founded by Nakulisa or Nakulin and became quite popular in North India.
2. Kashmir Shaivism – It is found only in Kashmir and was founded by Vasugupta. It has no mantras but only mudras. This form of worship is called Trika.
3. Agamanthas, Mattamayura and Kalamukha are the popular forms in Central India. Shaivism became a devotional movement in South India, first led by Tamil Shaiva saints called Nayannars. They were 63 of them. They composed devotional Tamil literature called Thevaram. Thevaram is popular as Dravida Veda. 4.“Periyapuranam’ written by Sekkilar deals with the lives and teachings of Nayannars. 5. South India: Siva advaita, founded by Srikanta in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Karnataka – Veera Saiva, founded by Basaveswara.
Andhra Pradesh – Aradyasaiva founded by Mallikarjuna Panditha.

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2021-04-30 18:30:19 SHAIVISM:

Shaivism is oldest sect in India and a native faith of India. Aryans accepted Rudra, the nonAryan God, who gradually evolved into Shiva. Shiva was worshipped in the form of Lingakara from 1st Century A.D. onwards. The oldest Shivalinga in India is found in Gudimellam near Ranigumpa in A.P, dated 56 A.D. The sacred mantra, Panchakshari (Om Namah Shivaye) was first mentioned in Tamil epic Silappadikaram (The Jewelled Anklet) written by Ilango Adigal

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2021-04-30 18:30:17 VAISHNAVISM:

Vaishnavism became a powerful movement in South India especially in Tamillakam under the Alvars (Tamil Vaishnava Saints). They composed devotional literature in Tamil on Vaishnavism called Prabandas. From there Vaishnavism transcended the boundaries of India into South East Asia. It was popularized in Suvarnadweep by Kaundinya who married a Javan princess Susa. He got settled there and promoted Vaishnavism.
The Acharyas were the Vaishnava philosophers. The first Vaishnava philosopher was Ramanuja Aharya. He introduced Visista-advaita Siddhanta. Other renowned Acharyas were Madhavacharya and Vallabha Acharya.

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2021-04-30 03:54:11 Forward it to all !! ओपन / कमेंट

2021-04-29 10:30:03 BHAGVATISM:

Vasudeva Krishna was the founder of Bhagavatism. Its philosophy comprised of the three basic principles:
a) Bhakti i.e. Devotion
b) Prapatti i.e. Total surrender to God.
c) Nishkama Karma i.e. Selfless act.

Bhagvatism propounded that Gnanamarga of Jainism will make man arrogant and therefore is not a wise choice. Similarly it argued that the Karmamarga of Buddhism is very relative in terms of good and bad and therefore not a viable option. Hence, Bhaktimarga as propounded by. Bhagvatism is the most simplified route to reach God.

Where do you find Krishna as teacher for the first time?
Ans. Jaiminiya Brahmana.
Q. Which Indian God was called Hercules by Greeks?
Ans. Krishna.
Bhagwad Gita, composed by Vedavyas, is the highest grade of Krishna’s philosophy.

Krishna’s philosophy emerged around 1000 B.C. but Bhagvatism became popular only in 6th century B.C. because of Brahmanism’s initial opposition to it (as Krishna’s philosophy opposed Brahmin ritualism). However, later they appropriated it as a good defence against Jainism and Buddhism. Shudras were getting converted to the other religions and even other sections of the society were getting attracted to Buddhism and Jainism. This process had to be contained. So the priestly class diverted its attention to Bhagavatism (as Krishna belonged to Yadavs). After they were successful, they hailed Krishna as a Hindu avatar (an incarnation of Vishnu) and assimilated Bhagavatism into Brahmanism.
Krishna was the disciple of three great sages: Angeerasa, Ghora and Sandeepani.
Bhagavatism gradually became popular, even among foreign races like Kushans and Parthians as it was indifferent to Caste and did not acknowledge caste system. Brahmanism on the other hand was conservative and was not willing to accept them. However as Buddhism and Jainism were too rigid, to identified most with Bhagavatism. Hilodorous followed Bhagavatism and installed Garuda pillar inscription at Basenagar in Vidisha in M.P. In course of time, ritualistic part also became associated with Bhagavatism called Pancharatra system which was introduced by sage Sandilya.
Pancharatra system meant worshipping Krishna and the four Yadava heroes of the Satwata family i.e. Sankarashana (Balaram), Aniruddha and Samba (sons of Krishna), Pradyumna (Grandson of Krishna).
During the age of Guptas, Bhagavatism was transformed into Vaishnavism (Krishna got identified as an incarnation of Vishnu). Thus Vaishnavism emerged as the extension of
Bhagavatism.

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2021-04-28 11:31:01 Origins of Indus Valley Civilization:

PRE-HARAPPAN: It refers to the culture that pre-dated Harappan civilisation and was distinct from it e.g. Baluchi cultures (in Baluchistan). Around 4500 yrs BC in Baluchistan, four village cultures were found.

PROTO-HARAPPAN:
It refers to the culture that signaled the beginning of Harappan culture and was similar to it.
Baluchi culture entered Sind and further expanded into Rajasthan and Haryana.

Important Sites:
a) Kot-diji in Sind
b) Amri in Sind
c) Kalibangan in Rajasthan
d) Banwali in Haryana.

Material culure Development and geographical expansion:
1. Village culture comprised of living in triangular huts.
2. Crude pottery was used.
3. The urban centres represented town planning of an advanced level. This also meant that urbanism had begun.
4.There were also found two-storeyed buildings made up of baked bricks.
5. Well developed polished pottery was used for storing grains and cooking.

HARAPPAN: This culture expanded to UP in East, upto Kashmir in North and upto Maharashtra in South. This emerged as the biggest cultural formation in the pre-historic world with around 250 Sites. Each of these sites had a well developed drainage system and represented systematic town planning.

Extension and boundaries of Indus Valley Civilization: Suktazendor (Sind) in the west to Alamgirpur in UP in the East; from Manda in Kashmir in North to Dimabad in South.

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2021-04-28 10:30:01 Indus Valley Civilization:

It is hailed as one of the oldest civilizations of the world. Indus Valley or Harappan civilization is traced to Chalcolithic Age which reached its pinnacle in the Bronze Age.
In terms of culture, it is the only surviving civilization in the world.
It's discovery pushed back the antiquities of Indian history for another 2000 years.
It was first discovered in 1921.
Charlize Mason in 1829 came across mounds of terracotta arts while laying tracks for railways. Local people called it Mohenjodaro i.e. the Mounds of the dead. His findings were collected by Alexander Cunnigham, who visited the site in 1878. Sir John Marshal (head of Department of Archeology which came into being in 1904) carried out extensive findings on this site

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