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2021-04-15 08:35:44 Election Commission of India is a permanent Constitutional Body. Originally the commission had only a Chief Election Commissioner. It currently consists of Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners.

Appointment of Commissioners: The power to appoint the CEC and the ECs lies with the President of India under Article 324(2) of the Constitution, which states that “the President shall fix the number of ECs in a manner he sees fit, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament”. Thus, Article 324(2) left it open for the Parliament to legislate on the issue.

Procedure: But, in the absence of any Parliamentary law governing the appointment issue, the ECs are appointed by the government of the day, without pursuing any consultation process. There is no concept of collegium and no involvement of the opposition.

Tenure of Commissioners: They have tenure of six years, or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed from office only through impeachment by Parliament.

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2021-04-13 12:21:18 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, also known as Law of the Sea divides marine areas into five main zones namely - Internal Waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the High Seas. @militarychoiceblog

It was adopted in 1982 and replaced the quad-treaty 1958 Convention on the High Seas and came into force in 1994. India signed the Convention in 1982 and ratified in 1995. Also Check: Best Book for Current Affairs & General Knowledge Preparation

Baseline: It is the low-water line along the coast as officially recognized by the coastal state.

Internal Waters: Internal waters are waters on the landward side of the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

Each coastal state has full sovereignty over its internal waters as like its land territory. Examples of internal waters include bays, ports, inlets, rivers and even lakes that are connected to the sea.

There is no right of innocent passage through internal waters. The innocent passage refers to the passing through the waters which are not prejudicial to peace and security. However, the nations have the right to suspend the same.

Territorial Sea: The territorial sea extends seaward up to 12 nautical miles (nm) from its baselines. A nautical mile is based on the circumference of the earth and is equal to one minute of latitude. It is slightly more than a land measured mile (1 nautical mile = 1.1508 land miles or 1.85 km).

The coastal states have sovereignty and jurisdiction over the territorial sea. These rights extend not only on the surface but also to the seabed, subsoil, and even airspace.

But the coastal states’ rights are limited by the innocent passage through the territorial sea.

Contiguous Zone: The contiguous zone extends seaward up to 24 nm from its baselines. It is an intermediary zone between the territorial sea and the high seas.

The coastal state has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea.

Unlike the territorial sea, the contiguous zone only gives jurisdiction to a state on the ocean’s surface and floor. It does not provide air and space rights.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): Each coastal State may claim an EEZ beyond and adjacent to its territorial sea that extends seaward up to 200 nm from its baselines.

Within its EEZ, a coastal state has: Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing natural resources, whether living or nonliving, of the seabed and subsoil. Rights to carry out activities like the production of energy from the water, currents and wind.

Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the above-mentioned resource rights. It does not give a coastal state the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions.

High Seas: The ocean surface and the water column beyond the EEZ are referred to as the high seas. It is considered as “the common heritage of all mankind” and is beyond any national jurisdiction. States can conduct activities in these areas as long as they are for peaceful purposes, such as transit, marine science, and undersea exploration.

UNCLOS provides for a dispute resolution mechanism regarding maritime boundaries in which member states can choose either the
• International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
• International Court of Justice (ICJ)
• Arbitral tribunal (constituted in accordance with Annex VII, UNCLOS)
• Special arbitral tribunal (constituted in accordance with Annex VIII, UNCLOS).

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2021-04-12 14:14:40 Current Affairs Notes for NDA 1 2021 | Complete Month-Wise Set @militarychoiceblog

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2021-04-11 06:04:44 WEEKLY IMPORTANT CURRENT AFFAIRS FOR UPSC Prelims, EPFO, UPPSC & NDA 2021 @militarychoiceblog

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1 The Government of India by an ordinance abolished the Film Certificate Appellate Tribunal (FCAT), which heard appeals by filmmakers seeking certification for their films.

2 Justice Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana will be the next Chief Justice of India. He will take over from CJI SA Bobde who demits office on April 23. He will hold office till August 26, 2022.

3 Union Education Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal ‘Nishank’ launched NanoSniffer, the world’s first Microsensor based Explosive Trace Detector (ETD). It can detect explosives in less than 10 seconds and also identifies and categorizes explosives into different classes.

4 Ghaziabad Nagar Nigam (GNN) or Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation, a civic body in Uttar Pradesh, has successfully listed India’s first-ever Green Municipal bond issue on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).

5 NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft launched 20 years ago on April 7, has made it the oldest spacecraft still working at the Red Planet.

6 The Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP), the world's biggest online disease surveillance platform, was launched. It will track 33 diseases now as compared to the earlier 18 diseases.

7 Astronomers have found that Uranus is emitting X-rays (like other ringed planets Jupiter and Saturn) for the first time, using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.

8 Russia has registered the world’s first COVID-19 vaccine for animals. The vaccine is named Carnivac-Cov.

9 The DRDO has successfully developed an advanced Chaff technology. It aims at guarding the naval ships against missile attacks.

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2021-04-09 20:31:52 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action @militarychoiceblog

In 2015, Iran with the P5+1 group of world powers - the US, UK, France, China, Russia, and Germany agreed on a long-term deal on its nuclear programme.

The deal was named as Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and in common parlance as Iran Nuclear Deal.

The deal came after years of tension over Iran's alleged efforts to develop nuclear weapons.

Iran insisted that its nuclear programme was entirely peaceful, but the international community did not believe that.

Under the JCPOA, Iran agreed to limit its nuclear activities by stopping uranium enrichment and allowing the international agencies to inspect its nuclear facilities in return for the lifting of economic sanctions.

However, in May 2018, the USA pulled out of the JCPOA and threatened to impose sanctions on Iran and on nations doing a significant amount of trade with Iran.

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2021-04-09 20:27:58 Key Terms @militarychoicebog

Repo and Reverse Repo Rate:
◦ Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India in case of India) lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. Here, the central bank purchases the security.
◦ Reverse repo rate is the rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks within the country.

Bank Rate:
◦ It is the rate charged by the RBI for lending funds to commercial banks.

Marginal Standing Facility (MSF):
◦ MSF is a window for scheduled banks to borrow overnight from the RBI in an emergency situation when interbank liquidity dries up completely.
◦ Under interbank lending, banks lend funds to one another for a specified term.

Open Market Operations:
◦ These are market operations conducted by RBI by way of sale/purchase of government securities to/from the market with an objective to adjust the rupee liquidity conditions in the market on a durable basis.
◦ If there is excess liquidity, RBI resorts to sale of securities and sucks out the rupee liquidity.
◦ Similarly, when the liquidity conditions are tight, RBI buys securities from the market, thereby releasing liquidity into the market.
◦ It is one of the quantitative (to regulate or control the total volume of money) monetary policy tools which is employed by the central bank of a country to control the money supply in the economy.

Government Security:
◦ A G-Sec is a tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments.
◦ It acknowledges the Government’s debt obligation. Such securities are short term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year- presently issued in three tenors, namely, 91 day, 182 day and 364 day) or long term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more).

Inflation:
◦ Inflation refers to the rise in the prices of most goods and services of daily or common use, such as food, clothing, housing, recreation, transport, consumer staples, etc.
◦ Inflation measures the average price change in a basket of commodities and services over time.
◦ Inflation is indicative of the decrease in the purchasing power of a unit of a country’s currency. This could ultimately lead to a deceleration in economic growth.

Consumer Price Index:
◦ It measures price changes from the perspective of a retail buyer. It is released by the National Statistical Office (NSO).
◦ The CPI calculates the difference in the price of commodities and services such as food, medical care, education, electronics etc, which Indian consumers buy for use.

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2021-04-09 05:58:55 N. V. Ramana is a judge in the Supreme Court of India who has been recommended to be appointed as the 48th Chief Justice of India by S. A. Bobde. He was appointed as the 48th Chief Justice of India by the President of India Ram Nath Kovind. Justice Ramana will remain in office as CJI till August 26, 2022.

• He was born in an agrarian family from Ponnavaram, Andhra Pradesh.

• N. V. Ramana started his practice as an advocate in 1983 in the High Court of Andhra Pradesh.

• N. V. Ramana was a part of the standing counsel for Railways in the Central Administrative Tribunal at Hyderabad.

• Justice Ramana was appointed as the permanent judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in June 2000.

• Later, he served as the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court from September 2013 and went on to become a judge of the Supreme Court from February 2014.

• Justice Ramana, as Supreme Court judge, has been part of various decisions ranging from electoral issues to rights of women to bringing the Chief Justice of India’s office under the ambit of the Right to Information (RTI).

• While serving as a judge in the Supreme Court of India, Justice Ramana was responsible for the SC bench that dealt with matters like fast-tracking of trials in cases against legislators, and restrictions imposed in Jammu and Kashmir when Article 370 of the Constitution was being repealed.

• He was also part of the Bench that looked into the demand of allowing 4G mobile internet in Jammu and Kashmir.

• N. V. Ramana is a member of the General Council of the National Law School of India University, Bangalore. He is also the chairman of the Library Committee in Indian Law Institute, Delhi.

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2021-04-08 04:42:11 Central Vigilance Commission @militarychoiceblog

◦ The CVC was set up by the Government in February, 1964 on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by K. Santhanam.

◦ The Parliament enacted Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003 (CVC Act) conferring statutory status on the CVC.

◦ It is an independent body which is only responsible to the Parliament.

• It submits its report to the President of India.

Functions:

◦ Exercise superintendence over the functioning of the Delhi Special Police Establishment (CBI) insofar as it relates to the investigation of offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.

• The CVC receives complaints on corruption or misuse of office and recommends appropriate action.

• Following institutions, bodies, or a person can approach CVC: Central government, Lokpal and Whistle blowers.

◦ CVC has no investigation wing of its own as it depends on the CBI and the Chief Vigilance Officers (CVO) of central organizations, while CBI has its own investigation wing drawing its powers from Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946.

Composition:

◦ It is a multi-member Commission consisting of a Central Vigilance Commissioner (Chairperson) and not more than 2 Vigilance Commissioners (Member).

Appointment of Commissioners:

◦ They are appointed by the President of India on the recommendations of a committee consisting of Prime Minister, Union Home Minister and Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha (if there is no Leader of Opposition then the leader of the single largest Opposition party in the Lok Sabha).

Term:

◦ Their term is 4 years or 65 years, whichever is earlier.

Removal:

◦ Removal is done by the President on grounds of bankruptcy, unsound mind, infirmity of body or mind, sentenced to imprisonment for a crime, or engages in paid employment or has acquired financial or other interest that might affect his judgment.

◦ He can also be removed for proved misbehaviour or incapacity if the Supreme Court inquiry finds him guilty.

◦ They can also resign by writing to the President.

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2021-04-07 03:55:02 Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29 and 30) @militarychoiceblog

Protection of Interests of Minorities: Article 29 provides that every section of citizens residing in any part of the country have the right to protect and conserve its own distinct language, script or culture (it provides the right to a group/section/community of people).

◦ Further, it says that no citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution on grounds only of religion, race, caste, or language (it provides the rights to an individual citizen).

◦ Article 29 grants protection to both religious, linguistic as well as cultural minorities.

• However, the rights are not necessarily restricted to minorities only, as it is commonly assumed to be. It includes minorities as well as the majority.

Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions: Article 30 grants all the minorities the following rights:
◦ The right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

◦ The compensation amount fixed by the State for the compulsory acquisition of any property of a minority educational institution shall not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed to them.

• This provision was added by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978 to protect the right of minorities in this regard.

◦ The State shall not discriminate against any educational institution managed by a minority.

◦ Thus, the protection under Article 30 is confined only to minorities (religious, cultural or linguistic) and does not extend to any other section of citizens (as under Article 29).

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2021-04-07 03:46:21 Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28) @militarychoiceblog

Freedom of Conscience, Profession, Practice and Propagation: Article 25 of the Constitution of India provides the freedom of conscience, to profess, to practice and to propagate any religion. These rights are available to citizens as well as non-citizens.

◦ Conscience: A person may or may not choose to follow any religion.
◦ Right to Profess: One can declare his/her religious beliefs and faith openly and freely.
◦ Right to Practice: Performance of religious worship, rituals, ceremonies and exhibition of beliefs and ideas.
◦ Right to Propagate: Persuading people to convert from one religion to another. However, the Constitution does not allow forcible conversions.
• It only gives us the right to spread information about our religion and thus attract others to it.
◦ Limitations: The government can impose restrictions on the practice of freedom of religion in order to protect public order, morality and health.

Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs: Article 26 of the Indian Constitution provides every religious denomination (or any section of it) the right to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes.
◦ It also empowers the religious denominations to manage their own affairs in matters of religion.
◦ Moreover, the right to own and acquire movable and immovable property and the right to administer such property is also provided to every religious denomination.
◦ The rights provided under Article 26 are also subjected to public order, morality and health.

Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of a Religion: The Indian Constitution under Article 27 lays down that no person shall be compelled to pay any taxes for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.
◦ It says that no public money, collected through taxes, shall be spent for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion.
• Favouring, patronising or supporting any religion over the other is prohibited.
◦ It prohibits only levy of a tax and not a fee.
• The purpose of a fee is to control secular administration of religious institutions and not to promote or maintain religion.

Freedom from Attending Religious Instruction: Article 28 states that no religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State (the territory of India) funds.
◦ However, the provision is not applicable to educational institutions administered by the State or established under any endowment or trust.
◦ Moreover, no person is required to attend any religious instructions or worship without his consent in any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving aid out of State funds.
• In case of a minor, the consent of his guardian is needed.

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