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2021-05-12 15:38:16 Revision Notes on Reproduction in Organisms

Fertilization:
(a) The process of fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilization or syngamy.

(b) The female gamete undergoes development to form new organism without fertilization. This phenomenon is called parthenogenesis. It is a modification of sexual reproduction.

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(c) Gametic fusion taking place outside the body i.e. water is called external fertilization.

(d) There must be synchrony of gamete release. Large number of gametes is released to enhance the chance of fertilization.

(e) A major disadvantage is that the offsprings are extremely vulnerable to predators.

(f) Fertilization takes place inside the body is called internal fertilization.

Zygote:
(a) Formation of zygote after fertilization is found in all sexually reproducing organisms.

(b) In case of external fertilization, zygote is formed usually in water.

(c) In case of internal fertilization, zygote is formed inside the body of the organism.

(d) Zygote of fungi and algae develops a thick wall that is resistant to desiccation and damage.

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(e) Organism with haplontic life cycle, zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores.

Embryogenesis:
(a) The process of development of zygote into an embryo is called embryogenesis.

(b) Zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis) and cell differentiation.

(c) Oviparous are the animals which lay eggs and development takes place inside egg.

(d) Viviparous animals give birth to the young ones. The development takes place inside the body of the female.

(e) In plants:

(i) Zygote developed into embryo.

(ii) Ovule developed into seed

(iii) Integument of the ovule developed into seed coat.

(iv) Ovary developed into fruit.

(v) Ovary wall developed into pericarp

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2021-05-12 15:00:03 BIODIVERSITY ....
NCERT ....
Revision pointzzzz ....
There are about 20,000 species of ants, 3,00,000 species of beetles, 28,000 species of fishes & 20,000 species of orchids

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Term biodiversity was popularised by Edward wilson

India has 50,000 genetically different strains of rice and 1000 varieties of mango

Acc to IUCN (2004), No.of species discovered and described range about 1.5 million

Robert may estimate - total no.of species is around 7 million

More than 70% of species discovered are animals

More than 70% of animals are insects

Plants constitute not more than 22% of total species

Total no.of species of fungi is more than combined total of fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals

India occupy 2.4% of total land surface but they contribute 8.1% of total biodiversity

There are about 45,000 species of plants and twice as many animals are discovered in india

Acc to robert estimate...only 22% of total no.of species have been discovered

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There are 1,00,000 plant species and more than 3,00,000 animals species are yet to be discovered in india

Columbia has 1400 species of birds...newyork - 105 species of birds, Greenland - 56 species

India has 1200 species of birds Amazonian rain forest in south

america has 1300 species of birds, 40000 species of plants, 427 amphibians, 427 mammals, 378 reptiles, more thab 1,25,000 invertebrates

The colonisation of tropical pacific island by humans has led to the extinction of 2000 species of native birds

Over 784 species have extincted in past 500 years ( 359 invertebrates, 338 vertebrates & 87 plants )

In last 20 years, 27 species disappeared

Around 15,500 species are facing threat of extinction

32% amphibians, 31% gymnosperms, 23% mammals, & 12% birds are facing threat of extinction


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2021-05-12 13:55:12 Animal Tissue

The tissue found in animals have comparatively some different properties than the plant tissue.

Types of Animal Tissue
Animal Tissues are divided as −

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Nervous Tissue

Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissues are the covering and protective tissues in the animal body.
Epithelial tissue covers almost all organs and cavities within the body.
Epithelial tissue also forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate.
Epithelial tissue cells are closely packed (as shown in the image given above) and form a continuous layer.

Connective Tissue
Connective tissues are made up of the cells those are separated by non-living material, and known as an extracellular matrix.
This matrix could be either liquid or rigid.
Connective tissues are further divided as −
* Fibrous connective tissue
* Skeletal connective tissue and
* Fluid connective tissue

Tendons are the example of fibrous connective tissue.
Bone is an example of a skeletal connective tissue.
Bone forms the framework and provide supports to the body.
Blood is an example of fluid connective tissue.
Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix known as plasma.
In plasma, the red blood cells (RBCs), the white blood cells (WBCs), and the platelets are remaining suspended.


Muscular Tissue
Muscular tissue largely consists of elongated cells, and also known as muscle fibers.
The muscular tissue is accountable for the movements in our body.
The muscular tissue contains special proteins known as contractile proteins; and this protein helps in contraction and relaxation and supports free movement.


Nervous Tissue
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves all are composed of the nervous tissue.
Cells of the nervous tissue are extremely particular and sensitive for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus swiftly from one place to another within the body.
The cells of nervous tissue are known as nerve cells or neurons.
Nerve impulses allow us to move our muscles whenever we want to do so.


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2021-05-11 12:00:03 FUNCTION OF LARGE INTESTINE

TRICK: DEWS

1)D- defecation.

2)E- excretion of bivalent ions
like sulphate,
carbonate, phosphate
(NOTE- kidneys can't
excrete bivalent ions ).

3)W- water and drug absorption

4)S - synthesis of Vit-k & vit-
B12 by the microbes of
large intestine

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2021-05-11 10:47:10 *𝘽𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙮 𝙏𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙠*

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