APNI ACADEMY ™

2021-05-13 17:17:58 NCERT WORKSHOP - 1

Workshop will hosted by

Rifa & Soumya

Set your timer guys - click on me to see tutorial

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It is free for #APNI_SENA
You simply need to join channel voice chat at given time
Recording will be available too

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This workshop series is a gift for every member as we are reaching 15k in no time ओपन / कमेंट

2021-05-13 15:53:23 #Exclusive

OSWAAL's CBSE QUESTION BANK CLASS 12 CHEMISTRY is Now Available on apniacademy.in


Or Download from the link :- https://bit.ly/3eIWOq1 ओपन / कमेंट

2021-05-13 15:30:04 *Biology Trick*

Learn the type of epithelium present at various sites in our body:

1. Simple Squamous: BLEM
B - Bowmans Capsule
L- Lung Alveoli
E- Endothelium
M - Mesothelium

2. Simple Cuboidal: ROT
R- Renal tubules
O -Outer Enamel Epithelium
T- Thyroid Follicles

3. Simple Columnar: BIG SIR
B - Brain
I - Intestines
G- Gall Bladder
S- Stomach
I - Inner Enamel Epithelium
R - Resp Tract

4. Pseudostratified Columnar: Pls doNNT Booze
P - Paranasal Sinus
N- Nasal Cavity
N- Nasopharynx
T-Trachea
B- Bronchi


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2021-05-13 10:35:08 Hello friends, we have decided that we will inform you about all the scholarships, competitions and all. Even if that is taken by other platforms

Also APNI ACADEMY will arrange many writing, skill based competitions, etc.

Do comment feedbacks.! ओपन / कमेंट

2021-05-13 09:30:08 Splenic palpation and percussion

A palpable spleen is at least TWICE its normal size.

Palpate from the right iliac fossa towards the left upper quadrant (ask the child to take deep breaths if appropriate). The edge is usually soft and you will be unable to get above it. The splenic notch is occasionally palpable if markedly enlarged. The spleen should move with respiration.

Measure the degree of extension below the costal margin (in cm) in the mid-clavicular line.

Percuss to delineate the lower border (splenic tissue will be dull to percussion).


Causes of splenomegaly
There are several potential causes of splenomegaly including:

Infection: infectious mononucleosis, malaria, leishmaniasis
Haematological: haemolytic anaemia
Malignancy: leukaemia, lymphoma
Other: portal hypertension, Still’s disease
Apparent splenomegaly: chest hyper-expansion (e.g. bronchiolitis/asthma)

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2021-05-13 07:30:05 𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗜𝗡𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘

Heredity is a process of transmission of heritable traits from parents to their offsprings.

Genetics is the branch of biology dealing with the principles and mechanism of inheritance and variation.

Inheritance is the basis of heredity and by this process, traits are passed on from the parents to the offsprings. Continuity of the gene pool is maintained by the process of inheritance.

Genes are the basic unit of inheritance and located on chromosomes.

Variation exists among individuals of one species. Variation is due to crossing over, recombination, mutation and environmental effects on the expression of genes present on chromosomes.

𒊹Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Gregor Johann Mendel is called “Father of genetics”.

Mendel performed experiments on Garden pea. He took 14 true-breeding plants of pea having seven distinguishable characters, which have two opposite traits.

He called genes as “factors”, which are passed from parents to offsprings.

Genes, that code for a pair of opposite traits are called “alleles”.



He gave three laws of inheritance based on his observation:

𒊹Law of Dominance

: One of the alleles is dominant and gets expressed in the phenotype in case of the heterozygote, e.g. When we cross homozygous tall (TT) and dwarf (tt) plants, in the offsprings we get all the tall plants having the genotype Tt, so tallness is a dominant trait over dwarfness.

➪Law of Segregation of genes:

Each allele separates during meiosis at the time of gamete formation. There is no blending and characters are passed to different gametes. Homozygotes produce only one kind of gametes and heterozygotes produce different kinds of gametes.



♲Law of Independent assortment:
It states that alleles for different traits are inherited independently. He showed that using a dihybrid cross.



Test Cross: It is to find out the genotype of the plant showing dominant trait, the given plant is crossed with the recessive homozygote. The two observations are:

If the phenotype of offsprings shows only the dominant trait, then the parent plant was homozygote to the dominant trait

If the offsprings produced are of both phenotypes, then the parent plant was heterozygote to the dominant trait

𒊹Incomplete Dominance

When neither of the two alleles is dominant and the phenotype of the heterozygote does not resemble any of the parents. The heterozygote expresses intermediate or a mixture of two parents’ traits

Example: The flower colour inheritance of snapdragon (dog flower). On crossing true breeding red (RR) and whiteflower (rr), we get all pink colour flowers in the F1 generation, which on self-pollination give red: pink: white flowers in the ratio 1:2:1 in the F2 generation

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☞Co-dominance

When both the alleles express themselves together in an individual, they are said to be co-dominant

Example: The inheritance of the ABO blood group in humans is controlled by the gene I. The gene I has three allelic forms, IA, IB and i. In a human being, any two out of three alleles are presentIA and IB code for different kinds of sugar polymers present on the surface of RBC and ‘i’ does not produce any sugarIA and IB are dominant over ‘i’, but IA and IB are co-dominant and express themselves together.



➪Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Sutton and Boveri supported Mendel’s observations and stated that chromosomes are the carrier of genes

Chromosomes occur as a homologous pair and the two alleles of a gene are located on the homologous pair of chromosomes at the same site

Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis in the process of gamete formation

Chromosomes segregate and assort independently

During fertilization, gametes combine and produce the offsprings with the diploid no. of chromosomes, that is similar to the parent

Morgan extensively worked on fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster and provided experimental evidence to support the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

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2021-05-13 05:30:02 DNA finger printing

(1) Alec Jeffreys et al (1985) developed the procedure of genetic analysis and forensic medicine, called DNA finger printing.
(2) It is individual specific DNA identification which is made possible by the finding that no two people are likely to have the same number of copies of repetitive DNA sequences of the regions.
(3) It is also known as DNA profiling.
(4) The chromosomes of every human cell contain scattered through their DNA short, highly repeated 15 nucleotide segments called “mini-satellites” or variable-number Tandem Repeat (VNTR).

Technique for DNA fingerprinting

(1) Only a small amount of tissues like blood or semen or skin cells or the hair root follicle is needed for DNA fingerprinting.
(2) Typically DNA content of about 100,000 cells or about 1 microgram is sufficient.
(3) The procedure of DNA fingerprinting involves the following major steps:

(i) DNA is isolated from the cells in a high-speed refrigerated centrifuge.
(ii) If the sample of DNA is very small, DNA can be amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
(iii) DNA is then cut up into fragments of different length using restriction enzymes.
(iv) The fragments are separated according to size using gel electrophoresis through an agarose gel. The smaller fragments move faster down the gel than the larger ones.
(v) Double stranded DNA is then split into single stranded DNA using alkaline chemicals.
(vi) These separated DNA sequences are transferred to a nylon or nitrocellulose sheet placed over the gel. This is called ‘Southern Blotting’ (after Edward Southern, who first developed this method in 1975).
(vii) The nylon sheet is then immersed in a bath and probes or makers that are radioactive synthetic DNA segments of known sequences are added. The probes target a specific nucleotide sequence which is complementary to VNTR sequences and hybridizes them.
(viii) Finally, X-ray film is exposed to the nylon sheet containing radioactive probes. Dark bands develop at the probe sites which resemble the bar codes used by grocery store scanners to identify items.


Applications of DNA fingerprinting

This technique is now used to:
(i) Identify criminals in forensic laboratories.
(ii) Settle paternity disputes.
(iii) Verify whether a hopeful immigrant is, as he or she claims, really a close relative of already an established resident.
(iv) Identify racial groups to rewrite biological evolution.

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2021-05-13 03:30:07 Biology Cramming points

THESE POINTS NEED A STRONG CRAMMING:

1- Cutin is a lipid. It is not a protein.
2- Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.
3- Isoprenoids are monomers of carotenoids,steroids and terpenes.
4- ATP,RuBP,NADP all have ribose sugar in them
5- Most enzymes work at slightly Alkaline pH.
6- With each cardiac output Kidney receives 10%. {both Kidneys receives 20 %}
7- In a molecule of DNA nucleotides are linked both vertically and horizontly.
8- Tetroses are least abundant carbohydrates in nature.
9- Charged pores in a cell membrane are formed by Channel proteins.
10- Cytokinesis is the division of CELL after the division of cytoplasm.It is not the division of cytoplasm.
11- Bacterial chromosome has DNA only,nothing else.
12-NOSTOC lacks mitochondria and hence it is not present.
13- Chromosome condensation is at PEAK in METAPHASE phase.
14- All those sugars ending in ''ulose'' are KETO SUGARS { exceptions are Fructose and Dihydroxyacetone},these are also keto.
15- Agar,Pectin,Starch do not contain NITROGEN in them.
16- CHITIN has NITROGEN in it.
17- Alkaloids { Nicotine,Daturine,Atropine } are frequently present in SOLANACEA family.
18-Acoelomates,Psuedocoelomates,Coelomates ALL have MESODERM in them.
19-CAPSID of Polio Virus is SPHERICAL in shape.
20- ENDOSPORES are formed during DECLINE phase.
21-Spores are formed during ASEXUAL reproduction in Rhizopus.
22-Most superficial infections are caused by Duetromycetes fungi.
23-RED ALGAE also help in Coral formation.
24-Secondary host of Liverfluke is SNAIL.
25-TRANSDUCED bacteria has three types of DNA in it.{of itself,of other bacteria and of Virus }
26-RHIZOPUS is Aseptate and Multinucleate.
27-Bacteriophage is always DNA,it cannot have RNA.
28-First organ system ever developed in evolution after formation of Mesoderm is neither Digestive,nor Nervous but it is EXCRETORY system by PLATYHELMENTHES.
29-HYDRA has no specialized muscle cells because it lacks MESODERM.

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2021-05-12 22:03:04 N. C. E. R. T WORKSHOP

NCERT WILL BE DONE AND DUSTED IN 1 MONTH

EVERYDAY 7-8 AND 9-10 PM ONLY AT @APNI_ACADEMY OFFICIAL CHANNEL VOICE CHAT

FREE FOR EVERYONE, ANYONE CAN JOIN AND GET BENEFITED BY IT FOR FREE

QUIZ ACCORDING TO WORKSHOP WILL BE TAKEN AT @APNI_SENA EVERYDAY AFTER THE WORKSHOP

(We will also take workshop on imp chapters of phy and maths, benefits of workshop - click here ) ओपन / कमेंट

2021-05-12 20:53:48 We will let you know once we will unlock the flashcard section, just wait for a day or two. ओपन / कमेंट