UPSC_Geography_History_Polity

2021-06-13 19:34:32 Periyar Tiger Reserve

Periyar Tiger Reserve spreads over an area of 777 sq. km. There is an artificial lake which was created by the British during 1895.

Get stunned by the enchanting beauty of the region with the mountain scenery and the wildlife. The forest is a home to sambar, wild boar, langur, 900 to 1000 elephants. There are about 35 to 40 tigers which are very rarely spotted here.

Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerela which is the most popular wildlife sanctuary. This Reserve forest is mainly known for its natural beauty and wildlife. The enchanting surroundings and the bio diversity is the perfect example of nature’s creation.

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2021-06-13 19:34:32 Kanha National Park

Kanha National Park is a national park and a Tiger Reserve in the Mandla and Balaghat districts of Madhya Pradesh, India.

In the 1930s, Kanha area was divided into two sanctuaries, Hallon and Banjar, of 250 and 300 km² .

Kanha National Park was created on 1 June 1955. Today it stretches over an area of 940 km² in the two districts Mandla and Balaghat. Together with a surrounding buffer zone of 1,067 km² and the neighboring 110 km² Phen Sanctuary it forms the Kanha Tiger Reserve."Kanha Tiger Reserve".

Madhya Pradesh Forest Department. Retrieved 14 April 2010. This makes it the largest National Park in Central India.

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2021-06-13 19:22:07 BAHMANI KINGDOMS (c.1347- 1525 CE)

The Bahmani Sultanate was a Persianised Muslim state of the Deccan in South India and one of the major
medieval Indian kingdoms.
Though the region was ruled by a Muslim it was not a 'Muslim State' . Hindus were also part of it.
The nobles of Bahmani kingdom were categorized in two categories: Afaquis and Deccanis. Deccanis were
nobles of native origin while Afaquis had foreign origin.
It was founded by Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah (in 1347), also known as Hasan Gangu, revolting against
the Delhi Sultanate of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Bahamani kingdom acted as a cultural link between the South & the North.
The Kingdom stretched from north to south from the Wainganga river to Krishna and east to west from Bhongir to Daulatabad.
There was total 14 Bahaman Sultans.
The Bahmani Empire was always at war with Vijayanagara Empire for control over Deccan. Firoz shah invaded Vijaynagar and defeated Krishna Deva Raya I.
Ahmad Shah Wali later shifted Capital from Gulbarga to Bidar.
Muhammad Shah III became the sultan at the age of 9 after death of his brother Nizam Shah and Mahmud Gawan served as Prime Minister.
Bahmani Empire reached its zenith during the time of Mahmud Gawan.
Kalimullah was the last king of the Bahmani dynasty.

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2021-06-13 19:20:13 Mahmud Gawan

He was Iranian by birth and was a trader. He was granted title of Malik-ul-Tujjar (Chiefs of Merchants) by Humayun Shah.
For almost 20 years he dominated the state affairs of the Bahamani. Under his leadership Bahamani kingdom saw resurgence.
He divided the kingdom into eight provinces called Tarafs. Each Taraf was governed by the Tarafdar. The salary was paid in cash or assigning a Jagir.
A tract of land called Khalisa was set apart for expenses of the Sultan.
Introduced use of Gunpowder in war against Vijaynagar Kings.
He built a college at Bidar in Persian Style architecture.
Executed in 1481 by Muhammad Shah, Deccan nobles plotted against him.

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2021-06-13 19:18:26 KHALJI DYNASTY (1290-1320AD)

Khalji nobles headed by Jalaldduin, overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban in 1290 & Est. Khalji
dynasty.
This event is called ‘Dynastic Revolution’ of 1290.

Jalauddin Khalji (1290-1296 CE):

1st sultan of Delhi Sultanate to have a benevolent attitude towards Hindus.
He stated State should be based on the willing support of the governed and as majority of population was Hindu, state cannot become a truly Islamic.
Adopted the policy of tolerance and tried to win goodwill of the nobility.
Was murdered by his son-in-law Alauddin Khalji in 1296 and usurped throne.

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2021-06-13 19:13:26 INDIAN COUNCIL ACT OF 1861.

◇ It made a beginning of Representative institutions by assosiating Indian with law - making Process.

◇ Viceroy Canning nominated three Indians to the legislative council - The Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar rao.

◇ It initiated the process of Decentralisation by restoring the legislative Powers to the Bombay and Madras presidency.

◇ It also provided for the establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, NWFP and Punjab.

◇ It also gave a recognition to the Portfolio system, introduced by Canning.

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2021-06-13 19:13:26 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT OF 1858.

◇ India will now be governed by, and in the name of, Her Majesty.

◇ Designation of Governor General of India will now be changed to that of Viceroy of India.

◇ It ended the system of Double government by abolishing the Board of Control and Court of Directors.

◇ Created a new office, Sectetary of State for India, vested with complete authority and control over Administration.

◇ It established a 15 - member council of india to assist the secretary of state of India.

◇ It constituted the secretary of state in council as a body corporate, capable of suing and being sued in India.

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2021-06-13 19:11:20 SOURCE OF THE CONSTITUTION :

Government of India Act, 1935 : Federal Scheme, office of the Governor, power of Federal Judiciary, Public Service Commission, Emergency provisions.

USA Constitution : Fundamental Rights, written constitution, Supreme Court,
Independence of Judiciary and Judicial Reviews, President as the Executive

Head. The Vice- President, Impeachment of the President, Removal of Supreme
Court and High Court Judges, Preamble.

British Constitution : Parliamentary system, Rule of law, legislative procedure, Prime Minister, Cabinet System, Single Citizenship, Prerogative writs, Bicameral Parliament, Nominal head- President, provision of speaker

Australian Constitution : The concurrent list, centrestate Relationship, Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse, Joint sitting of the two Houses of the Parliament, Language of the preamble.

Soviet (USSR) Constitution : Fundamental Duties and ideal of justice, Five
year Plan.

German/Weimar Constitution : Emergency provisions and their effect on the Fundamental Rights.

Japan Constitution : Procedure established by the law.

Canadian Constitution : Appointment of state Governor by the centre, Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, Federation with a strong centre, vesting of residuary powers in the centre.

South African Constitution : Procedure of Amendment of the constitution, Election of the Members of Rajya Sabha.

Irish Constitution : Directive principles of state policy, Nominations of Members of Rajya sabha, method of Election of President.

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2021-06-13 19:05:19 #8,9&10_degree_channels

✓ A channel is a broad open waterway that passes through two landmasses that lie close to each other.

✓ Ten Degree Channel:
It separates the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands from each other in the Bay of Bengal .

✓ Nine Degree Channel:
It separates the island of Minicoy from the main Lakshadweep archipelago.

✓ Eight Degree Channel:
It is the maritime boundary between the Maldives and India .

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2021-06-13 19:03:59 Sundarban Biosphere Reserve

Sundarbans is the largest delta and mangrove forest in the world.

The Indian Sunderbans, which covers 4,200 sq km, comprises of the Sunderban Tiger Reserve of 2,585 sq km is home to about 96 Royal Bengal Tigers (2020) is also a world heritage site and a Ramsar Site.

The Indian Sunderbans is bound on the west by river Muriganga and on the east by rivers Harinbhahga and Raimangal.

Other major rivers flowing through this eco-system are Saptamukhi, Thakuran, Matla and Goasaba.

Recent studies claim that the Indian Sundarban is home to 2,626 faunal species and 90% of the country’s mangrove varieties.

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