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2021-05-30 19:26:38 DNA finger printing

(1) Alec Jeffreys et al (1985) developed the procedure of genetic analysis and forensic medicine, called DNA finger printing.
(2) It is individual specific DNA identification which is made possible by the finding that no two people are likely to have the same number of copies of repetitive DNA sequences of the regions.
(3) It is also known as DNA profiling.
(4) The chromosomes of every human cell contain scattered through their DNA short, highly repeated 15 nucleotide segments called “mini-satellites” or variable-number Tandem Repeat (VNTR).

Technique for DNA fingerprinting

(1) Only a small amount of tissues like blood or semen or skin cells or the hair root follicle is needed for DNA fingerprinting.
(2) Typically DNA content of about 100,000 cells or about 1 microgram is sufficient.
(3) The procedure of DNA fingerprinting involves the following major steps:

(i) DNA is isolated from the cells in a high-speed refrigerated centrifuge.
(ii) If the sample of DNA is very small, DNA can be amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
(iii) DNA is then cut up into fragments of different length using restriction enzymes.
(iv) The fragments are separated according to size using gel electrophoresis through an agarose gel. The smaller fragments move faster down the gel than the larger ones.
(v) Double stranded DNA is then split into single stranded DNA using alkaline chemicals.
(vi) These separated DNA sequences are transferred to a nylon or nitrocellulose sheet placed over the gel. This is called ‘Southern Blotting’ (after Edward Southern, who first developed this method in 1975).
(vii) The nylon sheet is then immersed in a bath and probes or makers that are radioactive synthetic DNA segments of known sequences are added. The probes target a specific nucleotide sequence which is complementary to VNTR sequences and hybridizes them.
(viii) Finally, X-ray film is exposed to the nylon sheet containing radioactive probes. Dark bands develop at the probe sites which resemble the bar codes used by grocery store scanners to identify items.


Applications of DNA fingerprinting

This technique is now used to:
(i) Identify criminals in forensic laboratories.
(ii) Settle paternity disputes.
(iii) Verify whether a hopeful immigrant is, as he or she claims, really a close relative of already an established resident.
(iv) Identify racial groups to rewrite biological evolution. ओपन / कमेंट

2021-05-28 21:06:49 Guys Yakeen Batch Physics Wallah Is available Less Than The Orginal App Cost One Of Our Students Opted For the Batch But Now she Changed Stream So Anyone Interested Can message me at @beingmihir ओपन / कमेंट

2021-05-27 18:18:53 QUICK REVISION
FORMULAS

1. Formulas related to force:
F = ma
F = kx
F = m(vf² - vi²/2S)
F = mv/t
F = md/t²
F = m(vf - vi)/t
F = Area × density × velocity²
F = 1/2 mv²/d
F = 1/2 Pv/d
F = Power/velocity
Fc = mv²/r
Fc = mrw²
Fc/2 = mv²/2r
Fc = 2K.E/r
F = Area × Stress
F = pir² × stress
F = YA × Strain
F = YAl/L
F = pressure × area
F = change in momentum × time interval
F = - 2mVx × Vx/2l
F2 = F1/A1 × A2
F = qE
F = kQ/r²
F = ILB sintheta
F = q (v × B)
F = qE + q(v × B)

2. Formulas related to energy and work
Fd = k.e
mgh = 1/2 mv²
E = 1/2 kx²
E = Ve
E = nhf
E = nhc/lambda
E = Pc
K.e = hf - work function = hf - hf° = hf - hc/w° (here w° is cutt off wavelength)
E = 1/2 Pv
mv²/2r= Fc/2
K.E/r = Fc/2
K.E = Fc×/r/2
K.e = 1.5 KT
E = VQ
E = Power × time
E = Fvt
% loss in K.e = v1² - v2²/v1² × 100
% loss in P.e = h1² - h²/h1² × 100
Energy lost due to air friction(Fh) = 1/2mv² - mgh (when body is thrown upward)
Energy lost due to air friction(FS) = mgh - 1/2mv² (when body is thrown downward)
E = 1/2 CV² (capacitor)
E = R × hc (R is Rydberg' constant)
J = m-¹ × Js ms-¹
hf kalpha x rays = EL - Ek
hf kbeta x rays = EM - Ek
Binding energy = mass defect × c²
W = Fd Costheta
W = nmgh (when person is climbing stairs)
W = n(m+m) gh (when person is climbing stairs with some load)
W = 0mgh + 1mgh + 2mgh + 3mgh ....... (in case of stacking bricks. For ist brick h=0. For 2nd brick h=1. For 3rd brick h=2 and so on)
W = Fd = PA × change in V
W = Q - change in U
Q = mc × change in T
T/273.16 = Q/Q3 (Thermodynamic scale)
W = I²Rt
W = emf×charge
W = VQ
W = 1/2 lF
W = YAl²/2L
W = StressAl²/2Strain
W = PressureAl²/2Strain
W = Fl²/2Strain

3. Formulas related to Power
P = Fv
P = E/t
P = n(mgh/t)
P = Fd/t
P = mv²/2t

4. Formulas related to distance, displacement, velocity and accelration
d = vt
d = at²
d = (vf + vi/2) ×t
d = 5t² (for distance in 'n' seconds)
d = 5(2tn - 1) (for distance in 'nth' second)
d = 1/2 mv²/F
d = vit + 5t²
d = v × underroot 2H/g
d = vt = x°wt = x°2pi/T × t = x°2pift
x = x° Sin wt
x = x° Sin (underroot k/m) t
vf = vi + at
2as = vf² - vi²
2as = (vi + at)² - vi²
2as = vf² - (vf - at) ²
v = underroot Vfx² + Vfy²
v = Power/Force
v = 2×K.E/momentum (k.e = 1/2 Pv)
v² = 2×Power×time/mass (P = mv²/2t)
v = underroot 2as
v = underroot gr (speed at highest point in a verticle circle)
v = underroot 5gr (speed at lowest point in a verticle circle)
v² = 2FS/m
v² = 2E/m
v² = 2Ve/m
v = eBr/m (velocity of particle under action of magnetic force along circular path)
v² = Force/Area.Density
v = w underroot x°² - x²
v = underroot k/m × underroot x°² - x²
v = x°w (at mean position where x=0)
v = x° underoot k/m
v = v° underroot 1 - x²/x°² (for determining ratio b/w inst. Velocity and maxi. Velocity)
v= x°2pif = x°2pi/T
a = x°w² = x°w.w = vw = v.2pif
Common velocity = m1v1/m1+m2
vi² = Rg/Sin2theta
v = underoot Tension×length/mass
V = 2pi ke²/nh (speed of e- in nth orbit)
Vn = V/n
v = nh/2pimr (lambda = 2pir and lambda=h/p)
ma = kx
a = kx/m (SHM)
a = - gx/l (Simple pendulum)
ac = v²/r

5. Formulas related to wavelength 'w'
w = v/f
w = 1/wave number
w1 = 2l (when pipe is opened at both ends)
w1 = 4l (when pipe is opened at one end)
Delta w = Us/f (doppler shift)
Wavelength for obs. = w - delta w = v/f - Us/f
w = hc/Ve
w = hc/E
w = h/mv
w = h/P as P = underroot 2mE so
w = h/underroot 2mE (de Broglie wavelength)
w = underroot 150/V A° (short method for de Broglie wavelength. This formula is applicable only for e-)
1/w = RH (1/p²-1/n²)
Wmaxi/Wmini = n²/n²-p² (for determining ratio b/w maxi. Wavelength to mini. Wavelength for series of atomic spectrum)
w = 2pir/n (n is no. of loops in a circle)
h/mv = 2pir ओपन / कमेंट

2021-05-26 13:15:52 ANSWER IN COMMENT BOX ओपन / कमेंट

2021-05-25 12:36:27 Theory of evolution was given by: Charles Darwin.

* Photo-respiration is: Energy spending process.

* Mass flow is affected by: Transpiration.

* Conversion of fat to sugar occurs in: Glyoxysomes.

* Photorespiration occurs in: Chloroplast.

* Photosynthesis is an: Oxidation -reduction process.

* Photo system II is absent in: C4plants.

* Conversion of fat into carbohydrate is in: Glyoxylate cycle.

* Precursor of IAA is: Tryptophan.

* Cobalt as a constituent of: Vit. B12

* Law of tolerance introduced by: Shelford.

* Glycolysis occurs in the part of cell: Cytoplasm

* Krebs cycle & ETC occurs in: Mitochondria

* Final product of Glycolysis is: Pyruvate.

* Light or hill reaction takes place in: Grana of chloroplast.

* Dark reaction or Calvin cycle takes place in: Stroma of chloroplast.

* Most abundant protein in the world: Rubisco.

* One molecule of glucose is produced: 686 Kcal.

* Highest water use efficiency order: CAM> C4>C3.

* Kranz type leaf anatomy found in: C4 plants.

* Calvin cycle & hatch- slack occurs in: Chloroplast.

* Photosynthetic rate highest in: C4 plants.

* Glucose is a type of sugar: Monosaccharide.

* Sugar which is sweetest among all sugars: Fructose.

* Examples of disaccharides are: Maltose, lactose, sucrose.

* Non reducing sugar: Sucrose.

* Sugar found in gernminating seeds: Maltose.

* Lactose (milk sugar) is a combination: Glucose + Galactose

* Bond that joins amino acids: peptide bonds ओपन / कमेंट

2021-05-23 15:19:51 IIT JEE|NEET|NTSE|Class|9|10|11|12|Free Books|Physics|Chemistry|Mathematics|Notes|Test Series pinned Deleted message ओपन / कमेंट

2021-05-20 19:32:46 Human Physiology Short Tricks

Locomotion And Movement :

Types Of Joint :::::

1. Pivot Joint - (Between Atlas And Axis) - Aam Aadmi Party

Aam= atlas
Aadmi= axis
Party= pivot joint

2. Gliding Joint - Gliding(phislana) car and truck

Inter is common in both

Gliding=gliding joint
Car= intercarpel joint
Truck=intertarsal joint

3. Fibrous joint - Fibrous Statue of Cristiano

(suture in cranium)

Fibrous= fibrous joint
Statue= suture
Cristiano = in cranium

4. Ball And socket joint - shoulder joint (between glenoid cavity and humerous)

Extra Gyaan You know Glen Maxwell Is crickter

Shoulder Of Glenn Is Injured By Many Humans

Shoulder = Shoulder joint
Glen= glenoid cavity
Humans= humerous

Hip joint between acetabulum And femur

Hi Acetic acid and fumaric acid

Hi= hip joint
Acetic = acetabulum
Fumaric= femur

5. Saddle joint - (Trick Story) you are sad because you have only car and your friend have MercedeS car of Thailand

(between carpels and metacarpals of thumb)

sad=saddle joint
Car=carpels
Mercedes car=metacarpels
Thailand = Thumb

6. Hinge joint - Knee joint

Both pronouncation is almost same and both have e in last

Hinge = knee

7. cartilaginous - between vertebrates , pubis syumph and pelvic girdle ( isko yaad kro )

I hope these will be helpful to you. ओपन / कमेंट