Upsc geography

2022-11-08 09:34:17 ■ HEATING AND COOLING OF THE ATMOSPHERE

□ Convection

◇ The transfer of heat energy through the movement of a mass of substance from one place to another place is called convection.

◇ The process of convection becomes effective only in fluids or gases because their internal mass motion activates convection of heat energy. The earth's surface gets heated after receiving heat energy (insolation) from the sun. Consequently, the air coming in contact with the warmer earth's surface also gets heated and expands in volume. Thus, warmer air becomes lighter and rises upward and a vertical circulation of air is set in. Conversely, the relatively colder air aloft becomes heavier because of contraction in volume and thus descends to reach the earth's surface. The descending air is warmed because of dry adiabatic rate and warm ground surface. This warm air again ascends because of increase in volume and decrease in density. ओपन / कमेंट

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2022-11-07 17:42:36 ◇ The whole mechanism of ascent of warmer air and descent of colder air generates convection currents in the lower atmosphere. This convective mechanism transports heat from the ground surface to the atmosphere and thus helps in the heating of the lower atmosphere.

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2022-11-07 17:42:36 ■ HEATING AND COOLING OF THE ATMOSPHERE

□ Convection

◇ The transfer of heat energy through the movement of a mass of substance from one place to another place is called convection.

◇ The process of convection becomes effective only in fluids or gases because their internal mass motion activates convection of heat energy. The earth's surface gets heated after receiving heat energy (insolation) from the sun. Consequently, the air coming in contact with the warmer earth's surface also gets heated and expands in volume. Thus, warmer air becomes lighter and rises upward and a vertical circulation of air is set in. Conversely, the relatively colder air aloft becomes heavier because of contraction in volume and thus descends to reach the earth's surface. The descending air is warmed because of dry adiabatic rate and warm ground surface. This warm air again ascends because of increase in volume and decrease in density. ओपन / कमेंट

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2022-11-07 09:31:22 ◇ This mechanism known as greenhouse effect keeps the lower atmosphere and the ground surface relatively warmer.

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2022-11-07 09:31:22 ■ HEATING AND COOLING OF THE ATMOSPHERE

□ Terrestrial Radiation

◇ Earth's surface after receiving insolation from the sun through shortwave electromagnetic radiation gets heated and radiates heat to the atmosphere in the form of longwave or infrared radiation throughout 24 hours.

◇ It may be remembered that the atmosphere is more or less transparent for incoming shortwave solar radiation but it absorbs more than 90 per cent of outgoing longwave terrestrial radiation through water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone etc. Thus, the terrestrial radiation is the most important source of heating of the atmosphere. The process of radiation of heat from the earth's surface is called ground radiation.

◇ The part of this ground radiation after being absorbed by the atmosphere is radiated back to the earth's surface. This process of radiation of terrestrial heat energy from the atmosphere back to the earth's surface is called counter-radiation which is effected mainly by water vapour and atmospheric carbon dioxide. ओपन / कमेंट