2022-05-30 21:10:35
BIOLOGY SHORT NOTES
The Living World
Unique Features of Living organism:-
● Growth
● Reproduction
● Metabolism
● Consciousness
● Life span
All processes of life occur in protoplasm and hence Huxley Wrightly called protoplasm as the physical basis of life. It is known as living matter because it shows all properties of life.
BIODIVERSITY
Currently there are some 1.7 – 1.8 million living organisms known to science.
Out of which 1.25 are animals and about 0.5 millions are plants.
Use of Systematics
1) Identification
2) Nomenclature
3) Classification
Biological nomenclature : For providing scientific name to known organisms.
Each name has two components- generic name (genus) and specific epithet (species).
This system of nomenclature was provided by Carolus Linnaeus.
Taxonomic categories : A taxonomic category is a rank or level in the hierarchical classification of organisms. There are seven obligate categories and some intermediate categories.
Taxonomic hierarchy is given below :
Kingdom → Division → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
Taxonomic Aids : Techniques, procedures and stored information that are useful in identification and classification of organisms are called taxonomic aids.Like:
1. Herbarium
2. Museums
3. Zoological park
4. Botanical Garden
5. Key
• Key stone species determine the biotic structure of an entire commonly.
• Taxonomy is divided into three types by Turil (1938).
1) α (alpha) taxonomy – It deals with collection and identification of organisms on
the basis of gross morphology, field and herbarium studies that helps to
comile monographs and flora and to identify plants. It is classical taxonomy.
2) β (beta) taxonomy – It deals with collection and identification on the basis of morphology and evidences from genetics, cytology, anatomy, physiology, etc.
3) ω (omega) taxonomy – It consider all microscopic observations and
biochemical evidences and is equivalent to neosystematics (modern taxonomy) and based on phonetic classification.
● Father H. Santapau – Father of Indian Taxonomy.
● William Roxburgh – Father of Indian Botany and Indian Herbaria.
● The term taxonomy was coined and used by French botanist A.P. de
Candolle (1813) in his book Theorie Elementaire de La Botanique.
● Term systematic was used by Swedish botanist and doctor Linnaeus (father of Taxonomy for his book System Nature (1735).
Famous Books
The origin of Life : Oparin
Principles of Systematic Zoology : Emst Mayr
Phillosophic Zoologique : Lamarck
Systema Naturae (1735, 1758) : Linnaeus
Species Plantarum (1753) : Linnaeus
Genera Plantarum (1737): Linnaeus
Philosophia Botanica : Linnaeus
● Correlated characters are groups of common features present in different
members of a group which are used delimitation of various taxa e.g. common features in different species from a genus. This shows common ancestry.
● Revision of Group. It is the grouping of species into distinct taxa of higher
category on the basis of their hormology and evolutionary relationship.
● Vegetation of an area is described but flora/fauna is listed.
● FAA (Formalin aceto-alcohol) is a liquid preservative, most commonly used for preserving anatomy materials.
● Botanical survey of India (BSI) was established in 1890. Its head office is at Calcutta.
Species with two or more varieties/subspecies is known as polytypic species while the one which has no race/variety/subspecies is called monotypic species.
Cohort A group of individuals of the same age within a population.
Sympatric species (Sym = Similar). These are genetically unrelated (different) individuals of species having same or overlapping area of geographical distribution.
Allopatric species (Allo = different). These are genetically related species having different area of geographical
distribution.
Lamarck gave dyanamic concept stating that species is mutable and dynamic.
Biological concept of species was given by Dobzansky (1937) and Mayr (1942).
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