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2022-06-07 05:53:37 #Syntax: - Syntax is the grammar of sentences. It is the science of sentence- construction. It is the study of sentence-building, of the ways in which words are arranged together in order to make larger units. A syntactic analysis is generally concerned with sentences and the constituents of sentence.
The Sentence: A Sentence is a word or set of words followed by a pause and revealing an
intelligible purpose. --- A.H Gardiner

The Sentence is the largest unit of grammatical description, that is, it is the maximum unit of grammatical analysis. --- Bloomfield.
The Word: The term has been defined differently. It is defined as (1) speech, utterance, verbal expression (2) an element of speech. According to Bacon --- Words are the tokens current and accepted for conceits, as moneys are for values.

#Registers: Dialects are the varieties of language according to users. Registers are the varieties of language according to use. Registers are those “varieties of language which correspond to different situations, different speakers and listeners, or readers and writers and so on”. - ओपन / कमेंट

2022-06-07 05:53:37 Obviously the study of linguistics is relevant in the present day-world. There are some logical reasons behind it-------
(a). This is the day of Globalization and trance language functions as a global-phenomenon.
(b). Language is a mutable aspect. So to have a good idea on language, the study of linguistics is a must.
(c). In order to have a wide and cosmopolitan idea about the world–literature, the proper and versatile knowledge of linguistics is mandatory.
Q. What is the difference between linguistics and literature?
(a). Linguistics is the scientific study of language as a system of human communication. On the other hard, literature is the criticism and interpretation of life and is the mirror of the society.
(b). Linguistics functions both as instrumental (for getting job, TOEFT, IELTS etc) and integrative (for communication).
(c). Linguistics is read for realistic as well as instrumented and integrative purposes. On the other hand, literature is real for how to differentiate between good and evil and for moral lesson.

#Lingua_franca: - The term Lingua franca is derived from the Italian word (Frankish tongue). It is a language used for communicating between the people of in area in which several languages are spoken. e.g – English is functioning as lingua franca.

#Pidgin: - A pidgin is a contract language or lingua franca, a mixture of elements from different natural languages. Its use is usually restricted to certain groups, e.g. traders and seamen. Pidgin traders communicate with the local population or workers or with their bosses. It has limited vocabulary, reduced grammatical structure. Elements from another language have been absorbed in the form of vocabulary or in the form of sentence structure.

#Creole: - When a pidgin becomes a lingua franca. It is called a Creole. Creoles are classified according to the language from which most of their vocabulary comes. e.g. - English based, French based, Portuguese based, Jamaican Creole, Hawaiian Creole, Krio in Sierra Leone.

#Morpheme: - Morpheme is the minimum grammatical unit. Such as the four components un, -faith, -ful, -ness of unfaithfulness are called morphemes. Morphemes are customarily described as minimal units of grammatical analysis—the units of “lowest” rank out of which words, the units of next “highest” rank are composed. Morpheme may or may not have meaning, may or may not have a phonological representation. A morpheme may be monosyllabic as (man, a, an, the) and polysyllabic as (happy, nature).

#Morphology: - Morphology is the study of the ways and methods of grouping sounds into sound-complexes or words, of definite, distinct, conventional meaning.

#Dialect: - A regional, temporal or social variety within a single language is a Dialect. It differs in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary from the standard language, which is in itself a socially favoured dialect. So a dialect is a variation of language sufficiently different to be considered a separate entity within a language but not different enough to be classed as a separate language. Everyone speaks in Dialect.

#Phonetics: - Phonetics is the scientific study of the production, transmission and reception of speech sounds. It studies the medium of spoken language. Touching upon physiology and physics, phonetics is now a pure science that studies speech processes, including the anatomy, neurology and pathology of speech, as well as the articulation, description, classification, production and perception of speech sounds.

#Phonology: - Phonology is the organization of sounds into patterns. In order to fulfils the communicative function, languages organize their material, the vocal noises, into recurrent bits and pieces arranged in sound patterns. It is the study of this formal organization of languages which is known as phonology.

#Graphics: - Graphics is the systematic study of writing and writing systems in general. It is the science of visual marks and symbols used in writing human language. It is a branch of semiotics which is the science of signs. ओपन / कमेंट

2022-06-07 05:53:37 #Irony: - Irony is a figure of speech which a speaker says one thing but means the opposite. e.g - Sweets are uses of adversity.

#Paradox: - Paradox is a figure of speech that seems false apparently but actually indicates the truth. e.g - Wear ornaments if you want to be rich?

#Allegory: - Allegory is a figure of speech which states the inner meaning beside the surface meaning that means an allegory has double meaning. e.g – Mr. Bush wants to make our country Iraq.

#Tragedy: - Tragedy is a piece of writing where the hero or heroine or both suffer a lot for their hammartia and finally die. e.g – Macbeth, Hamlet.

#Drama: - A literary from intended to be performed on stage using physical movements and dialogues. It consists of three parts: beginning/ exposition, middle/ climax and end/ denouement. It is also called Play. Basically it is of two types (1) Comedy and (2) Tragedy.

#Novel: - A ficticious prose narrative of a certain length 50000 and above words, the progress of the story follows a time sequence, a realistic picture of a particular society, a world vision, characters of the story and a plot are the common features of novel.

#Satire: - A literary attack on the follies and vices of an individual or a society with a view to correcting them through laughter and ridicule. It may be prose or in verse. It is two kinds (1) Formal (direct) and Informal (indirect).

#Sonnet: - A lyric poem of fourteen iambic pentameter lines. It is of three types- (1) Petrarchan (also known as Italian) (2) Shakespearean (English) and (3) Spenserian. The first eight lines of a Petrarchan sonnet are called octave and last six lines of it are called sestet. The rhyme of the octave is abba abba and that of sestet is cd cd cd or cde cde.

#Conceit: - A figure in which two far fetched objects of very different nature are compared. It surprises its readers by its ingenious discovery and delights them by its intellectual quality. A famous example is Donne’s comparison between two lovers’ souls and the two arms of a pair of compasses.

. #What_is_language?

Language is the ‘species-specific’ and ‘species- uniform’ possession of man. It is God’s special gift to mankind. Without language human civilization as we now know it, would have remained impossibility. Language is ubiquitous. It is present every where –in our thoughts and dreams, prayers and meditations, relations and communications, and sanskars and rituals. According to an ancient linguist of Indian, Patanjali --- “Language is that human expression which is uttered out by speech organs.”
Characteristics of language:-
a) Language is verbal, vocal: language is sound.
b) Language is a means of communication.
c) Language is a social phenomenon.
d) Language is symbolic.
e) Language is systematic.

#Q. What is linguistics?

The word “Linguistics” has been derived from Latin word “lingua” and “istics.” Here “lingua” means tongue/sound and “istics” means knowledge/science. So etymologically linguistics is the scientific study of language. But it is the study not of one particular language but of human language in general.

#Q. What is Applied Linguistics?

Applied linguistics is a wide conception of linguistics. The term Applied means “used” or importance and linguistics means “the scientific study of language as system of human communication”. Applied linguistics includes SLA (Second Language Acquisition), psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, ELT (English Language Teaching), IELTS, TOEFL etc. which are very important in our day to day life.

#Q. Which one is more important between literature and linguistics? Why?

Both the field of knowledge is important in the present world. Undoubtedly, literature seems to be food our soul and provides immense pleasure. But in the third-world country like Bangladesh the study of linguistics is much more emphasized, because almost everybody gets educated in order to get jobs and for commercial purpose.

#Q. Why are you interested to read Linguistics? ओपन / कमेंट

2022-06-07 05:53:37 (b) “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling: it takes its origin from
emotion recollected in tranquility.” (Preface to The Lyrical Ballads)

(c) “The anchor of my purest thoughts, the nurse,
The guide, the guardian of my heart, and the soul
Of all my moral being.” (Tintern Abbey)

#Q. Three great quotations of John Milton.

(a) “Eyeless in Gaza at the mill with slaves.” (Samson Agonistes)

(b) “To justify the ways of God to men.” (Paradise Lost)

(c) “My race of glory run, and race of shame,
And I shall shortly be with them that rest.” (Samson Agonistes)
Q. Three great quotations of John Donne.
(a) “For God’s sake hold your tongue and let me love.” (The cannonizatoin)

(b) “love all alike, no season knows, nor clime,
Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time.” (The Sun Rising)

(c) “Busy old fool unruly Sun,
Why dost thou thus,
Through windows, and through curtains call on us ?
Must to thy motions, lovers’ seasons run ? (The Sun Rising)
Q. Three great quotations of Francis Bacon.
(a) “A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure.” (Of truth)

(b) “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.” (Of studies)

(c) “Wives are youngmen’s mistresses; companions for middle ages; and old men’s nurses.” (Of Marriage and Single Life)

(d) “Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”(Of studies)

. Three great quotations of S.T Coleridge.
(a) “Water, water, everywhere
Nor a drop to drink.” (The Ancient Mariner)

(b) “Alone, alone all all alone
Alone on a wide, wide sea !” (The Ancient Mariner)

(c) “He prayeth best who loveth best
All things both great and small
For the dear God who loveth us.” (The Ancient Mariner)
Q. Three great quotations of Rabindranath Tagore.
(a) “At the immortal touch of thy hands my little heart
Loses its limits in joy and gives birth to utterance ineffable.” (Gitanjali)

(b) “I touch by the edge of the far-speeding wing of my
Song thy feet which I could never aspire to reach.” (Gitanjali)

(c) “Life of my life, I shall ever try to keep my body pure,
Knowing that thy living touch is upon all my limbs.” (Gitanjali)

#Epic: - An epic is a long narrative poem that tells of grand style the history and aspiration of a national hero. The term ‘epic’ comes from the Greek word ‘epos’, which means narrative poetry, celebrating heroic incidents or achievements. There are two divisions in epic poetry- Primary epic and secondary epic.

#Lyric: - Lyric is a short poem, expressing personal or subjective thoughts and feeling of a single speaker. It is identical to a song sung with a lyre. The word “Lyric” belongs to the word “lyre”. Lyre is a musical instruments used in ancient Greece.

#Ode: - Ode is an exalted Lyric that begins with an address to some one expressing grief or agony but ends with consolation. It deals with a serious theme. For example: - Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind, Keats’ Ode to a Nightingale, Wordsworth’s Ode to Duty.
Characteristics of Ode.
1. Exalted theme
2. High seriousness
3. Rhyme and Rhythm
4. Selected diction
5. Glorification and Magnification (the main theme for any Ode)

#Ballad: - Ballad is a long narrative poem that tells a grave story through action and dialogue. It is divided two parts (i) Folk Ballad or Popular Ballad (ii) Literary Ballad.
Metaphysical Poetry: - The word “meta” means distance and “physics” means substance or objects. When the poet mingles abstract ideas or conception along with far- facet objects, it is called Metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical poetry is usually based on logical development of thoughts.

#Poetic_justice: - The word poetic justice is an important tool of the writer to provide due respect, honour or reward to the hero or heroine and to give due punishment or damnation to the villain or criminal.

#Simile: - Simile is a figure of speech which indicates explicit or direct comparison between two unlike things. e.g –Your face is like the full Moon.

#Metaphor: - Metaphor is a figure of speech that indicates implicit or indirect comparison between two unlike things. e.g – Saiful is a tiger. ओपन / कमेंट

2022-06-07 05:53:37 the time of Queen Elizabeth was a golden period for theater flourishment. As many theaters were ÿÿprovÿÿg very rapidly, then were also pÿÿducing many excellent dramas. At time craved for entertainment and in response to this demand, there came the dramas and short stories.
Good governance of Queen Elizabeth: The Queen herself was a lady of peaceful mentality. Her reign was absolutely of high thinking and far reaching. Elizabethan period was warless. Then people would live peacefully. People of all sections enjoyed their life by watching dramas in the theatres and singing songs. That is why Elizabethan period was called “a nest of singing birds.

#Q. Name of Romantic writers and works.
Name Work

1. William Wordsworth Lyrical Ballads
2. S.T. Coleridge Biographia Literaria
3. Lord Byron Don Juan
4. P.B. Shelley Adonais
5. John Keats Odes, Letters
6. Jane Austen(Female) Emma
7. Charles Lamb The Essays of Elia
8. William Hazlitt Elizabeth

#Q. Short note on Shelley.

Shelley (1792- 1822) was one of the greatest poets of the nineteenth century. He was a reformer and revolutionary poet. Shelley became a rebel against all the existing evils of human society. His famous poem The West Wind is the symbol of the destroyer and the creator. The West Wind is called the destroyer as well as the preserver because while it destroys the leaves, it preserves seeds to grow later. Another poem is The Skylark. The Skylark is a symbol of man’s aspiring vision. The Skylark belongs to a world of perfection but the poet is chained to a world of hatred, pride, fear and pain.

Q. P.B. Shelley’s characteristics.

(1). Great Ode writer. (2). Great Lyric. (3). Poet of platonic love. (4). Wonderful imagery. (5). Revolutionary poet. (6). Poet of nature. (7). Melancholic tone.

#Q. Shelley’s Platonic Love: -

All earthly things are in a state of flux and are shadows of the unchanging eternal reality. The one remeans the many change and pass.

#Q. What is Transcendentalism ?

Transcendentalism means “beyound” and “above” hence a transcendentalist is one who believes in the existence of a divine world, beyound and above the world of essences. The divine can’t be known by reason or national analyses but it can be felt and experienced by the spirit through intuition.

#Q. What is Phi Beta Kappa?

It is a society for college and university students who are very much successful in their studied.

. Four great quotations of Shakespeare.
(a) “Life is a tale, told by an idiot full of fury,
Signifying nothing.” (As You Like It)

(b) “To be or not to be that is the question” (Hamlet)

(c) “Have more than thou showest,
Speak less than thou knowest
Lend less than thou owest.
Ride more than thou goest.” (King Lear)

(d) “All the world’s a stage
And all the men and women merely players.” (As You Like It)

#Q. Three great quotations of Alexander Pope.

(a) “To err is human, to forgive divine.” (An Essay on Criticism)

(b) “A little learning is a dangerous thing.” (An Essay on Criticism)

(c) “Charms strike the sight,
but merit wins the soul.” (Rape Of The Lock)

#Q. Three great quotations of John Keats.

(a) “A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.” (Endymion)

(b) “Away! Away! For I will fly to thee,
Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,
But on the viewless wings of poesy.” (Ode to a Nightingale)

(c) “Heard melodies are sweet,
but those unheard sweeter.” (Ode on a Grecian Urn)

#Q. Three great quotations of P.B Shelley.

(a) “If winter comes, can spring be far behind.” (Ode To The West Wind)

(b) “Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought.” (To a Skylark)

(c) “Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth.” (Ode to The West Wind)

#Q. Three great quotations of Wordsworth.

(a) “The sounding cataract
Haunted me like a passion; the tall rock,
The mountain, and the deep and gloomy wood,
Their colours and their forms, were then to me
An appetite.” (Tintern Abbey) ओपन / कमेंट

2022-06-07 05:53:37 Tennyson was born in 1809. He was educated at Cambridge University. He died in 1892. He was the symbol of Victorian’s spirit, desire and hope. His poetry is the philosophy of faith and hope. He gives expression to the scientific spirit of the age. There is something universal in his poetry that has an appeal to all hearts-ancient or modern. The Lotos-eaters, King Arthur are the document of it. He is the mouthpiece of the Victorians. His poetry reflects the Victorian age-social, political, religious and literary. That is why, he is truly representative of that age.
. The criticism of life according to Matthew Arnold.
The people are divided in their aims. They flow with the tide without judging anything. They are going to their destination of unknown horizon, as they have no definite aim. The poet divided the people into two groups (1). Scholar Group. (2). Aimless Group.

#Q. Short note on Dover Beach: - Dover Beach is one of the short poems written by Matthew Arnold. This poem reflects the lost hope, faith and devotion to God. He rightly mentions ---
“Oh, the sea of faith
Was once at the full.”
Here the poet laments over the loss of faith on God as well as human beings.

#Q. Short note on My Last Duchess: -

I gave commands
Then all smiles stopped together.
This quotation has been quoted from the poem My Last Duchess written by Robert Browning. These lines refer to the killing of a Duchess by a 1600 century Italian Duke of Ferrara. The Duke talks to the envoy of the portrait of his wife. The Duchess was innocent pleasant, good, nature and simple. She was not in the proud and treated all equally. Even she used to make no difference between her husbands the Duke and other men. On the other hand, the Duke was proud of his position as well as of his nine hundred years aristocracy. The Duke did not like the Duchess behaviour. But he thought it to beyond his prestige to ask his wife to give up this habit. The Duke was crud and dictatorial by nature. So he gave commands to his people to kill her and thus all her smiles stopped at once.

#Q. Discuss the four causes/reason of Second World War.

In September 1939, Europe was drawn into a general war. This war is called the Second World War. The causes of the Second World War are given below---
(1). Defects of the peace treaties: the causes of the Second World War related to the failure of the peace terms of 1919-1920. Those terms, while understandable in view of the passions and hatreds engendered by the First World War, created almost as many problems as they solved.
(2). Power Polities: Power Polities were a second cause of the Second World War. Although Woodrow Wilson and other sponsors of the League of Nations had acclaimed the league as a means of eliminating power struggles; it did nothing of the sort.
(3). Economic conditions: Economic conditions were third important causes of the outbreak of the Second World War. The depression of the 1930 contributed to the coming of the war in several ways.
(4). Nationalism: Nationalism was a further cause of of the general discontent that helped increase the chances for the Second World War.

#Q. Why is Elizabethan age called the golden age of English literature?

Elizabethan period (1558-1603) is the most flourished and golden period in English literature. Due to the impact of quick decay of medieval world, rediscover of ancient learning, renaissance, widening of horizons, Elizabethan drama, new discoveries and the peaceful period without war, this age becomes the finest breeding ground for flourishing literature.
Impact of Renaissance: Renaissance played a vital role in the Elizabethan period. The Renaissance was both a revival of ancient classical mythology, literature and culture as well as a reawakening of the human mind after the long sleep of the dark Middle ages.

#Impact_of_London_Theater_and_Elizabethan_Dramas: ओपन / कमेंट

2022-06-07 05:53:37 Their language was Old English and Modern English.

Anglo Saxon is the collective term usually used to describe ethnically and linguistically related peoples living in the South and east of the island of Great Britain from around the early 5th century A.D to the Norman Conquest of 1066. They spoke closely related Germanic dialects and they are indentified by Bede as the descendants of three Germanic tribes Angles, Jutes and Saxons. “Anglo” comes from “Angle” which means spear many used to believe that they are called angle. On the other hand, “Saxon” comes from “Sax” which means sword historians to believe that they were stronger as sword.

. Write the elaborated forms of the writers’ name.
1. T.S Eliot – Thomas Sterns Eliot.
2. W.B Yeats – William Butler Yeats.
3. G.B Shaw – George Bernard Shaw.
4. S.T Coleridge – Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
5. P.B Shelley – Percy Bysshe Shelley.
6. H.G Wells – Herbert George Wells.
7. D.H Lawrence – David Herbert Lawrence.
8. F.R Leavis – Frank Raymond Leavis.
9. R.K Narayan – Rashipuram Krishnaswami Narayan.

#Q. Name of American writers and works.
American Novel: - Poet name Work
Herman Melville Moby-Dick
Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter
Saul Bellow Seize the Day
American Poetry: -
Walt Whitman Song of Myself
Robert Frost Stopping by Woods in the Snowy Evening
Emily Dickinson I felt funeral in my brain
American Drama:-
Arthur Miller The Death of a sales Man
O’Neill The Long Day’s Journey into Night
Earnest Hemingway The Sun Also Rises
American Prose:-
Emerson The American Scholars
Thomas Paine The Crisis
Washington Irving Rip Van Winkle

#Q. Escapism of Keats.
John Keats (1795-1821) is the greatest escapist in the Romantic Era. He wants to flee from all rigidities and conformities and harsh realities to the ivory tower. Keats’s escapism is based on not only his fear for the hard realities of life but his longing for the dreamy world of permanent happiness of the joyous world.
“Away! Away! For I will fly to thee,
Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,
But on the viewless wings of poesy.” (Ode to a Nightingale)

#Q. Characteristic of Keats.
(1) Impersonal poetry. (2) Negative capability. (3) Sensuousness. (4) Love for beauty. (5) Great Ode writer. (6) Pessimism. (7) Art is long but life is short.

#Q. Short note on Shakespeare.

Shakespeare means a virtuoso writer, legend dramatist, a consummate poet and a good performer on the stage who remains as a glittering star in the sky not only in English literature but also in the world literature. He was born about the 23rd April in 1564, at Stratford on Avon, Warwickshire. In his 19th year he married Anne Hathaway, a woman eight years senior. As You Like It, Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello, Julius Ceaser, and The Tempest are well-known creations of Shakespeare. His famous remark-“All’s well that End’s well.” He is famous for the objective presentation of his deep knowledge about human psychology. He wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets, 3 narrative poems. He died in 1616, 23rd April.

#Q. Short note on William Wordsworth.

William Wordsworth was born on 7th April, 1770 at Ceckermouth, Cumberland. He lost his parents when he was child. He began his career as a poet. He is a Romantic poet of all Romantic poets of Nature. He was worshiper of Nature. He enjoyed Nature felt Nature and found divinity in Nature. He is a spokes man of pantheism. He believes that there is a divine spirit pervading all the objects of Nature. So his view “God is all and all is God.” This belief finds a complete expression in Tintern Abbey.
“Nature never did betray
The heart that loved her”
The first fruits of his genius were given out in the Lyrical Ballads (1798). Romanticism begins through publishing this book. The Solitary Reaper, Tintern Abby, and Michael are his remarkable creation. He also wrote about five hundred sonnets. He died in 1850.

#Q. Short note on Tennyson. ओपन / कमेंट

2022-05-21 11:57:21 ओपन / कमेंट

2022-05-17 20:33:48 https://www.facebook.com/100063815200398/posts/397764079027429/?sfnsn=wiwspmo ओपन / कमेंट

2022-05-05 08:44:06 ओपन / कमेंट