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2023-04-11 12:09:52 Private Member's Bills : A Member of Parliament (MP) who is not a Minister in the Union Cabinet is called a Private Member. Bills introduced by such members are called Private Member's Bills. Private Member Bill (PMB) is same as that of a Government Bill. These bills can deal with any issue and can also be a Constitutional Amendment Bill. It can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha ओपन / कमेंट

2023-04-11 12:09:52 Dark Net, Deep Web and Surface Web

"Dark net" is commonly confused with "deep web." The deep web refers to unindexed sites which are unsearchable; in most cases, this is because those sites are protected by passwords.

Part of the WWW (World Wide Web) which is not indexed by a search engine like Google is Deep Web and it about 500-600 times larger than the surface web.

Surface Web -Also called the Visible Web, Indexed Web, Indexable Web or Lightnet -is that portion of the World Wide Web that is readily available to the general public and searchable with standard web search engines. It is the opposite of the deep web. It only constitutes 4-6% of the whole web. @civilservicesBaba ओपन / कमेंट

2023-04-11 12:09:52 Scope of application of nanotechnology in the development process of the country:

Agriculture: Nanotechnology can be used in agriculture and food production in the form of Nano sensors for monitoring crop growth and pest control by early identification of plant diseases. These Nano sensors can help enhance production and improve food safety. With inputs related to water use, fertiliser and pesticides delivered in nanoscale productivity and yield can be increased.

Medical applications: Development of newer drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology methods is being tried for conditions like cancer, diabetes, fungal infections, and viral infections and in gene therapy. Nanotechnology has also found its use in diagnostic medicine as contrast agents, fluorescent dyes and magnetic nanoparticles.

Electronics: The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electronic systems for more than four decades by downscaling silicon-based devices. Carbon nanomaterials such as one dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes and two dimensional (2D) graphene have emerged as promising options due to their superior electrical properties which allow for fabrication of faster and more power-efficient electronics.

Textiles and Clothing: Nanotechnology has shown a huge potential in the textile and clothing industry which is normally very traditional. Coating is a common technique used to apply Nano-particles onto textiles. The success of nanotechnology in textile applications lies in areas of durability, flexibility, wash ability and softness. The use of nanotechnology allows textiles to become multifunctional and produce fabrics with special functions, including antibacterial, UV-protection, easy clean, water & stain repellent and anti-odour.

Energy equipment: Nanoscales and nanoporous membranes are being used to facilitate production of biomass fuel. Energy transmission could potentially be made much more efficient by using engineered nanomaterials. Throughout the renewable-energy sector, nanotechnology has the potential to increase process efficiencies and process yields, decrease costs and enable energy processes that would not be attainable any other way.
@civilservicesBaba ओपन / कमेंट

2023-04-11 12:09:52 Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the term given to those areas of science and engineering where phenomena that take place at dimensions in the nanometre scale are utilised in the design, characterisation, production and application of materials, structures, devices and systems.

Nanotechnology primarily refers to the use and creation of particles that are smaller than 100 nanometre. 

The American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate Richard Feynman introduce the concept of nanotechnology in 1959
@civilservicesBaba ओपन / कमेंट

2023-04-11 12:09:52 Blood Groups: ABO

ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens (chemicals that can induce immune response) on the RBCs namely A and B.

Similarly, the plasma of different individuals contain two natural antibodies (proteins produced in response to antigens).

ABO blood groups are controlled by the gene I. The plasma membrane of the red blood cells has sugar polymers that protrude from its surface and the kind of sugar is controlled by the gene. The gene (I) has three alleles IA, IB and i.

The alleles IA and IB produce a slightly different form of the sugar while allele i does not produce any sugar.

Because humans are diploid organisms, each person possesses any two of the three I gene alleles.

IA and IB are completely dominant over i, in other words when IA and i are present only IA expresses (because i does not produce any sugar), and when IB and i are present IB expresses.

But when IA and IB are present together they both express their own types of sugars: this is because of co-dominance. Hence red blood cells have both A and B types of sugars.@civilservicesBaba ओपन / कमेंट

2023-04-11 12:09:52 AT-1 bonds (Additional tier 1 bonds) are :

Perpetual bonds [ No fixed maturity tenure ] have fixed Interest rate (But interest rate is usually set high, because AT-1 bonds are very risky)

Unsecured bonds : Not backed by any mortgage/physical asset or source of revenue are listed on exchange Issued to fulfil (capital adequacy Ratiol under basel 3 Norms. @UPSCPRELIMSZONE

AT-1 bonds can be written down, if common Equity tier-1 capital of bank falls below 5.5% of Risk weighted assets ओपन / कमेंट

2023-04-11 12:09:51 #Food_Preservatives are substances added to food to prevent or slow down spoilage and maintain natural colours and flavours.

Two reasons for food spoilage

• Microbial contamination
• Fats reacting with oxygen (oxidation)

Preservative criteria

• Non-toxic
• Functional
• Flavourless
• Economical

Sorbic acid - It is a food preservative which protects many food varieties from yeast and mold spoilage. It is an organic compound, with naturally strong antimicrobial capabilities.

Sodium benzoate - It is a food preservative commonly used in fruit pies, jams, beverages, salads, foods with acidic pH.

It is used in processed foods to prevent the growth of bacteria or fungus that could spoil the food.

Citric Acid - Its acidic pH makes it useful as a food preservative and preserves the color of the food since it significantly slows the oxidation.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is not a food preservative.

It is a food additive, which is used as a flavour enhancer commonly added to Chinese food, canned vegetables, soups and processed meats. ओपन / कमेंट

2023-04-11 12:09:51 Basai Wetland

• Located in Gurugram district in Haryana, is a flora and fauna rich water body.

• Recognised as one of India's Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas.

• Basai wetland is recognised globally as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by the BirdLife International.

• Species: White ramped vulture, red head vulture present in the wetland were listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN red list. @CivilservicesBaba ओपन / कमेंट

2023-04-10 16:26:35 Anthropology Monthly Magazine March-2023 ओपन / कमेंट

2023-04-10 11:04:11 Bumper discount on GS Consise Notes for first 100 students Only
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